Cognitive ChangeNCT06194227
Yoga Training and Retinal Vasculature With Parkinson's Disease
A study testing High-speed, Cognitive Challenge Yoga and Traditional Yoga in people with Cognitive Change, run by University of Miami at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
This study will compare the impact of a novel high-speed, cued yoga program to a standard yoga program on retinal microvasculature, cognition and neuromuscular function in persons with Parkinson's disease. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 50 to 90 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Cognitive Change
- What is being tested?
- High-speed, Cognitive Challenge Yoga and Traditional Yoga
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 21 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 16 Jan 2024to 30 Dec 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 50 to 90 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Parkinson's disease (H\&Y 1, 2, and 3) confirmed by pretest administration of the UPDRS,
- 55-90 years of age,
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment > 17.
Who cannot join
- Uncontrolled cardiovascular or neuromuscular diseases that prevent participation in a training program;
- cerebrovascular disease;
- documented HIV infection or other immunodeficiency syndrome;
- any systemic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or other serious concomitant medical illness;
- a history of ocular surgeries (except for cataract surgery more than 6 months ago) or other ocular diseases;
- bilateral moderate or severe cataracts;
- refractive errors of myopia, hyperopia and/or astigmatism more than 6.0 Diopters.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: The Impact of Cued High-speed Interval Yoga (YogaCue) on Retinal Microvasculature, Mitochondrial Function, and Cognition in Persons With Parkinson's Disease.
This study will compare the impact of a novel high-speed, cued yoga program to a standard yoga program on retinal microvasculature, cognition and neuromuscular function in persons with Parkinson's disease.
- Conditions
- Cognitive Change
- Being tested
- High-speed, Cognitive Challenge Yoga, Traditional Yoga
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
High-speed, Cognitive Challenge YogaBehavioural
Participants in this group will receive in-person high-speed yoga with cuing 3 times per week for 24 consecutive weeks for a total of 72 training sessions of 1 hour duration. Subjects will move as quickly as possible from one pose to another.
Traditional YogaBehavioural
Participants will perform in-person controlled speed Hatha yoga 3 times per week for 24 weeks for a total of 72 sessions of 1 hour duration.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| High-speed, Cognitive Challenge Yoga | Experimental | Participants in this group will receive high-speed yoga training for 24 consecutive weeks for a total of 72 training sessions. Receives: Behavioral: High-speed, Cognitive Challenge Yoga |
| Traditional Yoga | Active comparator | Participants will perform standard Hatha yoga with slow controlled speed movements for 24 consecutive weeks for a total of 72 training sessions. Receives: Behavioral: Traditional Yoga |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Changes in Retinal measured in microliters per second (ul/s)
Measurements of retinal blood flow (ul/s)
Measured: Baseline, 24 weeks
Changes in Retinal vascular biomarkers
Vessel density in unitless fractal dimension.
Measured: Baseline, 24 weeks
Changes in the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test
The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test assesses immediate recall, delayed recall, and delayed recognition. It is administered by reading 12 words aloud, then asking the client to verbally repeat the list of words (immediately; then after a delay) and identify the words from a 24-word list that is presented verbally. The word list includes words from the previous list, words related to the previous list, and words unrelated to the list. Units of measurement are points. The test has three recall trials of 12 words each scored from 0 (none remembered to 12 (all remembered). Therefore, there are 36 points available for the 3 trials. After 20-25 minutes the subject's delayed recall is tested as the subject is asked to recall the same list of words, scored 0-12. Then a retention trial using a list of 24 words (12 words from the previous list, 6 related words, and 6 unrelated words) is read. The subjects must identify if each word was on the previous list or not.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in Executive Function using the Dimensional Card Sort Test
The Dimensional Change Card Sort test is an assessment of cognitive flexibility and attention where the subject is asked to match a series of picture pairs to a target picture. Scores range from 70-85, higher scores indicate higher executive function.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in Executive Function using the Flanker Test
The Flanker task measures both a subject's attention and their inhibitory control. The test requires the subject to focus on an arrow in the center of the screen while arrows on either side of the center arrow called flankers may point in similar or different directions. Twenty trials are conducted. The test takes approximately three minutes to administer. The accuracy score varies from 0 to 5 points. For every correct behavioral response, a participant receives a value of 0.125. The average score is 109.9 with a standard deviation of 14.9 points. The maximal score is 130 points.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in Executive Function using the Picture Sequence Memory Test
The Picture Sequence Memory Test measures episodic memory. Subjects are asked to recall an increasingly lengthy series of illustrated objects and activities that are presented in a particular order on the iPad screen, with corresponding audio-recorded phrases that describe them. Two learning trials are provided with sequence lengths varying from 6-18 pictures. The number of adjacent pairs placed correctly for trials 1 and 2 is converted to a point score. The average score is 101.1 with a standard deviation of 14.5 points. The maximum number of points available is 130 points.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in Executive Function using the List Sorting Test
The List Sorting test evaluates immediate recall and sequencing of different visually and orally presented stimuli, termed working memory. Pictures of different foods and animals are displayed with accompanying audio recording and written text and the subject is asked to say the items back in size order from smallest to largest, first within a single dimension such as animals or foods and then on two dimensions, that is with animals and foods combined. The test takes approximately seven minutes to administer. The participant's raw score is the number of items answered correctly in 85 seconds, with a range of 0-130. Average score is 101.9 with a standard deviation of 14.7 points.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in Executive Function using the Pattern Comparison Test
The Pattern Comparison test measures processing speed by asking subjects to discern as quickly as possible if two objects presented side-by-side are the same or not. The items are presented one pair at a time on the iPad screen. The participant is given 85 seconds of response time (excluding any time needed for the given iPad to "load" the items) to respond to as many items as possible (up to a maximum of 130) time on the iPad screen, and the participant is given 85 seconds to respond to as many items as possible up to a maximum of 130. The test takes approximately three minutes to administer. The total number of points available is 130 points, with a mean of 101.3 and a standard deviation of 14.7.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in Executive Function: Fluid Composite Score
Changes in executive function age-corrected fluid cognition composite score measured by the Dimensional Change Card Sort test, the Flanker test, Picture Sequence Memory test, List Sorting test, and pattern comparison test of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Module. The units of measurement are points with higher scores indicating higher levels of functioning. Scores 70 or below indicates significant fluid cognitive impairment, scores around 85 indicate below average fluid cognitive ability, scores at or near 100 are considered average, scores around 115 are considered above-average fluid cognitive ability, and 130 and above indicate superior fluid cognitive ability (top 2% based on the national Toolbox normative data).
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in the Six-Minute Walk Test
The object of the test is to walk as far as possible for six minutes. The subject will walk at a normal pace around a marked course for six minutes. The subject may stop to rest and begin again at will. The distance covered indicates aerobic fitness. The further a person walks, the better their cardiovascular condition. The units are meters.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in One Repetition Maximum Strength
A one-repetition maximum test measures the maximum load that an individual can lift only a single time throughout the full range of motion of the chest press and leg press exercises using proper form. All subjects' one-repetition maximum values will be determined within four to five trials. The units of measure are kilograms. Testing is performed on computerized, pneumatic machines.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in Neuromuscular Power Testing
Peak muscle power is then measured at eight relative intensities (40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% of one repetition maximum) on the computerized pneumatic machines. For each repetition, the concentric phase is performed as fast as possible, and the eccentric phase lasts between 2 and 3 seconds. Power testing is done for the leg press and chest press, and the unit of measurement is Watts.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
: Changes in the Ten-Meter Walk Test
The ten-meter walk tests at habitual and maximal speeds will be performed using electronic timing gates. Participants will stand on a starting line, and the test will start after the investigator's "3,2,1, Go!" cue. Timing gates will be placed at the 2-m and 8-m marks to reduce the impact of acceleration or deceleration on the results. Participants will perform one practice trial and two actual trials for each test. The best of the two times for each test will be used for analysis. Units of measurement are seconds.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in the Five Times Sit-to-Stand.
The five times sit-to-stand test will be used as a measure of functional lower body strength and power. Participants will be given 1 practice trial and 2 actual trials, each separated by a 1-minute rest. The lowest of these two trial times will be used for analysis. Power outputs for the test will be computed using the accepted equations. Units of measurement are seconds.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Secondary outcomes (3)
Changes in the Seated Medicine Ball Throw.
The seated medicine ball throw will be performed with subjects seated in an armless chair with their backs pressed against the chair back and feet flat on the floor. In a randomized order, subjects will complete the test with both a 1.8 kg medicine ball and a 3-kg medicine ball. The medicine ball will be aligned with the chest's midline and thrown at approximately a 45-degree angle as far as possible down an outlined track in the laboratory. Three trials, spaced 1 minute apart for each of the weighted medicine balls, were completed, resulting in a total of 6 seated medicine ball throws. Distance will be used as an indicator of power. Units of measurement are centimeters.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in the Timed Up and Go
Upon verbal cue, the subject stands up, walks around a cone placed three meters from the front edge of the chair, and then returns to a seated position as quickly as possible. Time is measured in seconds. The faster the person completes the test the better the dynamic balance.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39
The Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 is a 39-item self-report questionnaire that assesses Parkinson's disease-specific health-related quality over the last month across the eight quality of life dimensions and specific dimensions of functioning and well-being. Each question is scored from 0-4 points, with lower scores reflecting better quality of life.
Measured: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted8 Jan 2024
- Study start16 Jan 2024
- Primary completion30 Dec 2024
- Study completion30 Dec 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Cognitive ChangeStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of MiamiThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 21 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Miami
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Joseph Signorile, University of Miami
- Investigators
- Joseph F. Signorile, PhD, Principal investigator, University of Miami
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06194227
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 20231203
- Status last verified
- Jan 2025
- First submitted
- 11 Dec 2023
- Last updated
- 3 Jan 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 3 Jan 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Impact of Cued High-speed Interval Yoga (YogaCue) on Retinal Microvasculature, Mitochondrial Function, and Cognition in Persons With Parkinson's Disease.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06194227
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 20231203
- Conditions
- Cognitive Change
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 21 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of MiamiUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 16 Jan 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Dec 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Dec 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 8 Jan 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study will compare the impact of a novel high-speed, cued yoga program to a standard yoga program on retinal microvasculature, cognition and neuromuscular function in persons with Parkinson's disease.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| High-speed, Cognitive Challenge Yoga | Experimental | Behavioral: High-speed, Cognitive Challenge YogaParticipants in this group will receive high-speed yoga training for 24 consecutive weeks for a total of 72 training sessions. |
| Traditional Yoga | Active comparator | Behavioral: Traditional YogaParticipants will perform standard Hatha yoga with slow controlled speed movements for 24 consecutive weeks for a total of 72 training sessions. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 50 to 90 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Parkinson's disease (H\&Y 1, 2, and 3) confirmed by pretest administration of the UPDRS,
- 55-90 years of age,
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment > 17.
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Uncontrolled cardiovascular or neuromuscular diseases that prevent participation in a training program;
- cerebrovascular disease;
- documented HIV infection or other immunodeficiency syndrome;
- any systemic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or other serious concomitant medical illness;
- a history of ocular surgeries (except for cataract surgery more than 6 months ago) or other ocular diseases;
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| High-speed, Cognitive Challenge YogaParticipants in this group will receive in-person high-speed yoga with cuing 3 times per week for 24 consecutive weeks for a total of 72 training sessions of 1 hour duration. Subjects will move as quickly as possible from one pose to another. | Behavioural | High-speed, Cognitive Challenge Yoga |
| Traditional YogaParticipants will perform in-person controlled speed Hatha yoga 3 times per week for 24 weeks for a total of 72 sessions of 1 hour duration. | Behavioural | Traditional Yoga |
Primary outcome
Changes in Retinal measured in microliters per second (ul/s)
Time frame: Baseline, 24 weeks
Measurements of retinal blood flow (ul/s)
Changes in Retinal vascular biomarkers
Time frame: Baseline, 24 weeks
Vessel density in unitless fractal dimension.
Changes in the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test assesses immediate recall, delayed recall, and delayed recognition. It is administered by reading 12 words aloud, then asking the client to verbally repeat the list of words (immediately; then after a delay) and identify the words from a 24-word list that is presented verbally. The word list includes words from the previous list, words related to the previous list, and words unrelated to the list. Units of measurement are points. The test has three recall trials of 12 words each scored from 0 (none remembered to 12 (all remembered). Therefore, there are 36 points available for the 3 trials. After 20-25 minutes the subject's delayed recall is tested as the subject is asked to recall the same list of words, scored 0-12. Then a retention trial using a list of 24 words (12 words from the previous list, 6 related words, and 6 unrelated words) is read. The subjects must identify if each word was on the previous list or not.
Changes in Executive Function using the Dimensional Card Sort Test
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
The Dimensional Change Card Sort test is an assessment of cognitive flexibility and attention where the subject is asked to match a series of picture pairs to a target picture. Scores range from 70-85, higher scores indicate higher executive function.
Changes in Executive Function using the Flanker Test
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
The Flanker task measures both a subject's attention and their inhibitory control. The test requires the subject to focus on an arrow in the center of the screen while arrows on either side of the center arrow called flankers may point in similar or different directions. Twenty trials are conducted. The test takes approximately three minutes to administer. The accuracy score varies from 0 to 5 points. For every correct behavioral response, a participant receives a value of 0.125. The average score is 109.9 with a standard deviation of 14.9 points. The maximal score is 130 points.
Changes in Executive Function using the Picture Sequence Memory Test
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
The Picture Sequence Memory Test measures episodic memory. Subjects are asked to recall an increasingly lengthy series of illustrated objects and activities that are presented in a particular order on the iPad screen, with corresponding audio-recorded phrases that describe them. Two learning trials are provided with sequence lengths varying from 6-18 pictures. The number of adjacent pairs placed correctly for trials 1 and 2 is converted to a point score. The average score is 101.1 with a standard deviation of 14.5 points. The maximum number of points available is 130 points.
Changes in Executive Function using the List Sorting Test
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
The List Sorting test evaluates immediate recall and sequencing of different visually and orally presented stimuli, termed working memory. Pictures of different foods and animals are displayed with accompanying audio recording and written text and the subject is asked to say the items back in size order from smallest to largest, first within a single dimension such as animals or foods and then on two dimensions, that is with animals and foods combined. The test takes approximately seven minutes to administer. The participant's raw score is the number of items answered correctly in 85 seconds, with a range of 0-130. Average score is 101.9 with a standard deviation of 14.7 points.
Changes in Executive Function using the Pattern Comparison Test
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
The Pattern Comparison test measures processing speed by asking subjects to discern as quickly as possible if two objects presented side-by-side are the same or not. The items are presented one pair at a time on the iPad screen. The participant is given 85 seconds of response time (excluding any time needed for the given iPad to "load" the items) to respond to as many items as possible (up to a maximum of 130) time on the iPad screen, and the participant is given 85 seconds to respond to as many items as possible up to a maximum of 130. The test takes approximately three minutes to administer. The total number of points available is 130 points, with a mean of 101.3 and a standard deviation of 14.7.
Changes in Executive Function: Fluid Composite Score
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in executive function age-corrected fluid cognition composite score measured by the Dimensional Change Card Sort test, the Flanker test, Picture Sequence Memory test, List Sorting test, and pattern comparison test of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Module. The units of measurement are points with higher scores indicating higher levels of functioning. Scores 70 or below indicates significant fluid cognitive impairment, scores around 85 indicate below average fluid cognitive ability, scores at or near 100 are considered average, scores around 115 are considered above-average fluid cognitive ability, and 130 and above indicate superior fluid cognitive ability (top 2% based on the national Toolbox normative data).
Changes in the Six-Minute Walk Test
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
The object of the test is to walk as far as possible for six minutes. The subject will walk at a normal pace around a marked course for six minutes. The subject may stop to rest and begin again at will. The distance covered indicates aerobic fitness. The further a person walks, the better their cardiovascular condition. The units are meters.
Changes in One Repetition Maximum Strength
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
A one-repetition maximum test measures the maximum load that an individual can lift only a single time throughout the full range of motion of the chest press and leg press exercises using proper form. All subjects' one-repetition maximum values will be determined within four to five trials. The units of measure are kilograms. Testing is performed on computerized, pneumatic machines.
Changes in Neuromuscular Power Testing
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Peak muscle power is then measured at eight relative intensities (40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% of one repetition maximum) on the computerized pneumatic machines. For each repetition, the concentric phase is performed as fast as possible, and the eccentric phase lasts between 2 and 3 seconds. Power testing is done for the leg press and chest press, and the unit of measurement is Watts.
: Changes in the Ten-Meter Walk Test
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
The ten-meter walk tests at habitual and maximal speeds will be performed using electronic timing gates. Participants will stand on a starting line, and the test will start after the investigator's "3,2,1, Go!" cue. Timing gates will be placed at the 2-m and 8-m marks to reduce the impact of acceleration or deceleration on the results. Participants will perform one practice trial and two actual trials for each test. The best of the two times for each test will be used for analysis. Units of measurement are seconds.
Changes in the Five Times Sit-to-Stand.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
The five times sit-to-stand test will be used as a measure of functional lower body strength and power. Participants will be given 1 practice trial and 2 actual trials, each separated by a 1-minute rest. The lowest of these two trial times will be used for analysis. Power outputs for the test will be computed using the accepted equations. Units of measurement are seconds.
3 secondary outcomes
Changes in the Seated Medicine Ball Throw.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in the Timed Up and Go
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Changes in the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 3 Jan 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Joseph F. Signorile, PhD principal investigator
University of Miami
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing High-speed, Cognitive Challenge Yoga and Traditional Yoga in people with Cognitive Change, run by University of Miami at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 3 Jan 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Changes in Retinal measured in microliters per second (ul/s) (time frame: Baseline, 24 weeks). The study lists 14 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 3 Jan 2025.