Exercise TrainingNCT06419452
Effects of Unilateral, Bilateral and Combined Resistance Training on the Speed and Accuracy of the Serve in Youth Tennis Players
A study testing Unilateral resistance training programme, Bilateral resistance training programme and Combined（UL+BL） resistance training programme in people with Exercise Training, run by Universiti Putra Malaysia at 1 site in China.
Trial summary
This study is to explore the effects of unilateral, bilateral and combined resistance training on the serve speed and accuracy of amateur youth tennis players in China. The subjects were young male tennis players aged 16-20 years from four universities in Gansu Province. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 16 to 20 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Exercise Training
- What is being tested?
- Unilateral resistance training programme, Bilateral resistance training programme and Combined（UL+BL） resistance training programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 56 participants
- Where
- 1 siteChina
- Study dates
- 10 May 2024to 30 Dec 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 16 to 20 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- Between 16 and 20 years of age.
- National second-level athletes or above, or have participated in provincial or municipal competitions, or students majoring in tennis.
- At least 2 years of tennis training experience.
Who cannot join
- Have performed systematic resistance training within the past three months.
- Medical problems that may affect the study results, including athletes with recent history of surgery or injury.
- Athletes at high risk for sports injuries.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
About this study
This study is to explore the effects of unilateral, bilateral and combined resistance training on the serve speed and accuracy of amateur youth tennis players in China. The subjects were young male tennis players aged 16-20 years from four universities in Gansu Province.
The experiment was divided into control group (CG), experiment group 1 (EG1-unilateral group), experiment group 2 (EG2-bilateral group) and experiment group 3 (EG3-combined group). Used to compare the effects of different forms of resistance training on serve speed and accuracy. Previous studies have shown that unilateral and bilateral resistance training can effectively improve strength, power, and speed in athletes (Speirs, et al., 2016; Davo, Jimenez, \& Solana,. , 2018), there is still controversy when comparing the advantages and disadvantages of two forms of resistance training (Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2015; Donab and Wall. The results of this study will be expected to be updated in 2022. Unilateral resistance training, bilateral resistance training, and combined unilateral and bilateral resistance training were used as intervention models in this study.
Based on the literature review, the training frequency of this experiment was arranged as 2 times/week, and the total training time was 6 weeks, with a fixed duration of each training session. Each training session lasted a maximum of 60 minutes. In this experiment, the interval between the two weekly training sessions was at least 24 h to prevent subjects from being in a fatigued state in the relevant muscle groups of the body and affecting the experimental level.
Read the detailed description
backgrounds
Originally known as lawn tennis, tennis originated in France and became official in England. There is evidence that people participating in tennis can provide numerous health benefits. Secondly, tennis is a sport with anaerobic metabolism, supplemented by high-intensity aerobic metabolism, which means that tennis has a great demand for speed, strength and other physical qualities. However, in recent years, China's athletes have been in debt for a long time, resulting in weak basic qualities and lack of special ability, which restricts the development of China's athletes. In order to achieve good sports performance, the training method is very important. In the case of adolescents, where strength is gradually declining, evidence suggests that the implementation of scientific resistance training under perfect supervision can help the development of physical fitness and athletic performance. Secondly, resistance training is mostly focused bilaterally, and the advantage of unilateral resistance training is that it is superior to the BLD effect to improve strength than bilateral training. Evidence suggests that isometric strength gains after unilateral resistance training are almost twice as high as those after bilateral resistance training.
Problem statement
Strength levels in today's youth are declining, and evidence suggests that traditional training in youth focuses on bilateral and ignores movement patterns and focuses on single joints, resulting in low stroke power and poor speed in youth tennis players. Existing tennis training has focused on bilateral resistance training or tennis-specific technique training, but the results have not been significant. Tennis serve is very important, and it is the key to win in tennis matches. Evidence shows that muscle strength and explosive power are significantly related to tennis serve. Therefore, it is important to focus on the effects of different resistance training on tennis serve. Secondly, unilateral training is in line with the sport-specific characteristics and compound resistance training is significant for strength as well as explosive power, so these two training modalities are crucial for tennis. To summarize the problem statement of this study, there are three main problem statements, firstly, the importance of serve technique in tennis program, secondly, unilateral training is in line with the specific characteristics of unilateral movement of tennis serve, and thirdly, the importance of combined resistance training in tennis.
Proposed solution Different forms of resistance training will provide different benefits to the athlete, and the sport of tennis is consistent with unilateral movement, in order to achieve better athletic performance as well as skill performance. The researcher will perform the following manipulation.
Provide different forms of resistance training (unilateral, bilateral, and combined) and observe the changes in the athletic performance of tennis players in terms of strength, explosiveness, flexibility, and coordination.
Provide different forms of resistance training (unilateral, bilateral, and combined) and observe the changes in the tennis players' serve speed and serve accuracy
Literature review
This chapter provides detailed information on the relevant literature and contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the following areas: (1) tennis serve characteristics, (2) youth resistance training safety, (3) resistance training programmes and guidelines, (4) youth resistance training and sports performance, (5 ) physical demands of the tennis serve, (6) the importance of unilateral resistance training, (7) the BLD effect of bilateral resistance training, and (8) the validity of combined resistance training. The literature review is concluded with a summary of the literature review.
The work of this study and the outlook
In the available studies, gains from unilateral resistance training and bilateral resistance training appear to produce relatively contradictory results.According to the principle of specificity of training, the structure pattern of training should imitate motor technique structure as much as possible. For example, tennis serving, soccer shooting, badminton spiking and other sports that are presented in the form of unilateral should be intervened by unilateral resistance training.However, bilateral resistance training programmes are widely used in existing studies.Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of unilateral and bilateral resistance training on tennis serve performance of a unilateral nature.In addition, the benefits of unilateral and bilateral resistance training in exercise performance such as strength, speed, and explosive power are also different. Studies have shown that unilateral resistance training is more beneficial for exercise performance in the unilateral exercise mode, and bilateral resistance training is more beneficial for exercise performance in the bilateral exercise mode.Some studies, however, have yielded conflicting results. Gonzalo studied 22 male basketball players who completed unilateral and bilateral resistance training on Saturday and found that the unilateral group performed better in the bilateral CMJ than the bilateral group (UL: 37.4 ± 4.2 VS 39.8 ± 5.1, ES=0.47, %∆=6.5; BL: 38.9 ± 5.3 VS 40.6 ± 5.5 ES=0.27, %∆=4.5)In addition, another study showed that unilateral and bilateral resistance training were equally effective in improving lower limb strength in athletes, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (BL:75 ± 4.5 VS 81 ± 4.3; UL:76 ± 6.1 VS 83 ± 5.1, p<0.05).In summary, this study will further confirm the improvement of unilateral and bilateral resistance training in strength, explosive power, coordination and other sports performance.In addition, as unilateral resistance training or reduced stability in unilateral testing has the potential to sacrifice strength development, this study will also focus on the effects of unilateral and bilateral resistance training on bilaterally dominant motor performance such as strength and explosiveness, as well as unilateral pattern tennis serve performance.This will address the occurrence of bilateral sets that are unfamiliar with unilateral training leading to the phenomenon of sacrificing strength to maintain stability.
The phenomenon of migration of athletic performance such as strength and explosiveness in both uni- and multi-joint muscles has been confirmed by numerous studies,but there is little research on the phenomenon of complex skill transfer.This study will determine the effects of unilateral and bilateral resistance training on serving performance, thereby determining if there is also cross-education in complex motor skill performance.In addition, many studies have focused on the effects of unilateral and bilateral resistance training on the lower limbs, so this study will use the upper limb test as one of the indicators.Tennis serve is a complex movement involving multiple joint muscles, which is a process of transforming potential energy stored in the lower limbs into kinetic energy generated in the upper limbs, so the testing of upper and lower limb strength and explosive force indexes is particularly important.
- Conditions
- Exercise Training
- Being tested
- Unilateral resistance training programme, Bilateral resistance training programme, Combined（UL+BL） resistance training programme
- Keywords
- Resistance training
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Unilateral resistance training programmeOther
A method of training that increases muscle strength and endurance by using external resistance to a unilateral limb or movement.
Bilateral resistance training programmeOther
A training method that increases muscle strength and endurance by using external resistance on both limbs or movements,
Combined（UL+BL） resistance training programmeOther
A method of training that uses limbs or movements to increase muscle strength and endurance by external resistance using unilateral and bilateral combined forms,
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Unilateral resistance training | Other | Unilateral resistance training uses ipsilateral limb restricted contractions, in which each limb works independently, moving or opposing a given loading task Receives: Other: Unilateral resistance training programme |
| Bilateral resistance training | Other | Bilateral resistance training is the contraction of the same muscle in both limbs, that is, both limbs work together in a coordinated manner to cope with a given loading task Receives: Other: Bilateral resistance training programme |
| combined resistance training | Other | Combined unilateral and bilateral forms of resistance training Receives: Other: Combined（UL+BL） resistance training programme |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Strength
Muscle strength is the force produced by a muscle or muscle fibre against resistance
Measured: 6 weeks
Power
Power is the capacity to produce maximum force in a brief time frame
Measured: 6 weeks
Flexibility
Flexibility refers to muscle flexibility and joint mobility, such as the ability of a joint or muscle to move within an unrestricted, non-painful range of motion and to contract
Measured: 6 weeks
Coordination
Coordination is the ability of the body to control muscle groups at the right time, in the right direction and at the right speed, and to mobilise muscles effectively to achieve precise movements
Measured: 6 weeks
Serve speed
Speed is a form of physical quality, which refers to the ability of the human body to move under the specified conditions
Measured: 6 weeks
Serve accuracy
The degree of agreement between the test result and the accepted reference value, understood in the context of tennis as the amount of times the ball moves into the effective target range
Measured: 6 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted17 May 2024
- Study start10 May 2024
- Primary completion30 Jun 2024
- Study completion30 Dec 2024 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Exercise TrainingStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 56 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Ma Xudong, Universiti Putra Malaysia
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06419452
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- MXudong
- Status last verified
- Dec 2024
- First submitted
- 9 May 2024
- Last updated
- 4 Dec 2024
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 4 Dec 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Unilateral, Bilateral and Combined Resistance Training on the Speed and Accuracy of the Serve in Youth Tennis Players
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06419452
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- MXudong
- Conditions
- Exercise Training
- Keywords
- Resistance training
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Enrolling by invitation
- Enrolment
- 56 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Universiti Putra MalaysiaUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 10 May 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Jun 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Dec 2024 (estimated)
- First posted
- 17 May 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study is to explore the effects of unilateral, bilateral and combined resistance training on the serve speed and accuracy of amateur youth tennis players in China. The subjects were young male tennis players aged 16-20 years from four universities in Gansu Province.
The experiment was divided into control group (CG), experiment group 1 (EG1-unilateral group), experiment group 2 (EG2-bilateral group) and experiment group 3 (EG3-combined group). Used to compare the effects of different forms of resistance training on serve speed and accuracy. Previous studies have shown that unilateral and bilateral resistance training can effectively improve strength, power, and speed in athletes (Speirs, et al., 2016; Davo, Jimenez, \& Solana,. , 2018), there is still controversy when comparing the advantages and disadvantages of two forms of resistance training (Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2015; Donab and Wall. The results of this study will be expected to be updated in 2022. Unilateral resistance training, bilateral resistance training, and combined unilateral and bilateral resistance training were used as intervention models in this study.
Based on the literature review, the training frequency of this experiment was arranged as 2 times/week, and the total training time was 6 weeks, with a fixed duration of each training session. Each training session lasted a maximum of 60 minutes. In this experiment, the interval between the two weekly training sessions was at least 24 h to prevent subjects from being in a fatigued state in the relevant muscle groups of the body and affecting the experimental level.
Detailed description
backgrounds
Originally known as lawn tennis, tennis originated in France and became official in England. There is evidence that people participating in tennis can provide numerous health benefits. Secondly, tennis is a sport with anaerobic metabolism, supplemented by high-intensity aerobic metabolism, which means that tennis has a great demand for speed, strength and other physical qualities. However, in recent years, China's athletes have been in debt for a long time, resulting in weak basic qualities and lack of special ability, which restricts the development of China's athletes. In order to achieve good sports performance, the training method is very important. In the case of adolescents, where strength is gradually declining, evidence suggests that the implementation of scientific resistance training under perfect supervision can help the development of physical fitness and athletic performance. Secondly, resistance training is mostly focused bilaterally, and the advantage of unilateral resistance training is that it is superior to the BLD effect to improve strength than bilateral training. Evidence suggests that isometric strength gains after unilateral resistance training are almost twice as high as those after bilateral resistance training.
Problem statement
Strength levels in today's youth are declining, and evidence suggests that traditional training in youth focuses on bilateral and ignores movement patterns and focuses on single joints, resulting in low stroke power and poor speed in youth tennis players. Existing tennis training has focused on bilateral resistance training or tennis-specific technique training, but the results have not been significant. Tennis serve is very important, and it is the key to win in tennis matches. Evidence shows that muscle strength and explosive power are significantly related to tennis serve. Therefore, it is important to focus on the effects of different resistance training on tennis serve. Secondly, unilateral training is in line with the sport-specific characteristics and compound resistance training is significant for strength as well as explosive power, so these two training modalities are crucial for tennis. To summarize the problem statement of this study, there are three main problem statements, firstly, the importance of serve technique in tennis program, secondly, unilateral training is in line with the specific characteristics of unilateral movement of tennis serve, and thirdly, the importance of combined resistance training in tennis.
Proposed solution Different forms of resistance training will provide different benefits to the athlete, and the sport of tennis is consistent with unilateral movement, in order to achieve better athletic performance as well as skill performance. The researcher will perform the following manipulation.
Provide different forms of resistance training (unilateral, bilateral, and combined) and observe the changes in the athletic performance of tennis players in terms of strength, explosiveness, flexibility, and coordination.
Provide different forms of resistance training (unilateral, bilateral, and combined) and observe the changes in the tennis players' serve speed and serve accuracy
Literature review
This chapter provides detailed information on the relevant literature and contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the following areas: (1) tennis serve characteristics, (2) youth resistance training safety, (3) resistance training programmes and guidelines, (4) youth resistance training and sports performance, (5 ) physical demands of the tennis serve, (6) the importance of unilateral resistance training, (7) the BLD effect of bilateral resistance training, and (8) the validity of combined resistance training. The literature review is concluded with a summary of the literature review.
The work of this study and the outlook
In the available studies, gains from unilateral resistance training and bilateral resistance training appear to produce relatively contradictory results.According to the principle of specificity of training, the structure pattern of training should imitate motor technique structure as much as possible. For example, tennis serving, soccer shooting, badminton spiking and other sports that are presented in the form of unilateral should be intervened by unilateral resistance training.However, bilateral resistance training programmes are widely used in existing studies.Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of unilateral and bilateral resistance training on tennis serve performance of a unilateral nature.In addition, the benefits of unilateral and bilateral resistance training in exercise performance such as strength, speed, and explosive power are also different. Studies have shown that unilateral resistance training is more beneficial for exercise performance in the unilateral exercise mode, and bilateral resistance training is more beneficial for exercise performance in the bilateral exercise mode.Some studies, however, have yielded conflicting results. Gonzalo studied 22 male basketball players who completed unilateral and bilateral resistance training on Saturday and found that the unilateral group performed better in the bilateral CMJ than the bilateral group (UL: 37.4 ± 4.2 VS 39.8 ± 5.1, ES=0.47, %∆=6.5; BL: 38.9 ± 5.3 VS 40.6 ± 5.5 ES=0.27, %∆=4.5)In addition, another study showed that unilateral and bilateral resistance training were equally effective in improving lower limb strength in athletes, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (BL:75 ± 4.5 VS 81 ± 4.3; UL:76 ± 6.1 VS 83 ± 5.1, p<0.05).In summary, this study will further confirm the improvement of unilateral and bilateral resistance training in strength, explosive power, coordination and other sports performance.In addition, as unilateral resistance training or reduced stability in unilateral testing has the potential to sacrifice strength development, this study will also focus on the effects of unilateral and bilateral resistance training on bilaterally dominant motor performance such as strength and explosiveness, as well as unilateral pattern tennis serve performance.This will address the occurrence of bilateral sets that are unfamiliar with unilateral training leading to the phenomenon of sacrificing strength to maintain stability.
The phenomenon of migration of athletic performance such as strength and explosiveness in both uni- and multi-joint muscles has been confirmed by numerous studies,but there is little research on the phenomenon of complex skill transfer.This study will determine the effects of unilateral and bilateral resistance training on serving performance, thereby determining if there is also cross-education in complex motor skill performance.In addition, many studies have focused on the effects of unilateral and bilateral resistance training on the lower limbs, so this study will use the upper limb test as one of the indicators.Tennis serve is a complex movement involving multiple joint muscles, which is a process of transforming potential energy stored in the lower limbs into kinetic energy generated in the upper limbs, so the testing of upper and lower limb strength and explosive force indexes is particularly important.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Unilateral resistance training | Other | Other: Unilateral resistance training programmeUnilateral resistance training uses ipsilateral limb restricted contractions, in which each limb works independently, moving or opposing a given loading task |
| Bilateral resistance training | Other | Other: Bilateral resistance training programmeBilateral resistance training is the contraction of the same muscle in both limbs, that is, both limbs work together in a coordinated manner to cope with a given loading task |
| combined resistance training | Other | Other: Combined（UL+BL） resistance training programmeCombined unilateral and bilateral forms of resistance training |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 16 to 20 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Between 16 and 20 years of age.
- National second-level athletes or above, or have participated in provincial or municipal competitions, or students majoring in tennis.
- At least 2 years of tennis training experience.
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Have performed systematic resistance training within the past three months.
- Medical problems that may affect the study results, including athletes with recent history of surgery or injury.
- Athletes at high risk for sports injuries.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Unilateral resistance training programmeA method of training that increases muscle strength and endurance by using external resistance to a unilateral limb or movement. | Other | Unilateral resistance training |
| Bilateral resistance training programmeA training method that increases muscle strength and endurance by using external resistance on both limbs or movements, | Other | Bilateral resistance training |
| Combined（UL+BL） resistance training programmeA method of training that uses limbs or movements to increase muscle strength and endurance by external resistance using unilateral and bilateral combined forms, | Other | combined resistance training |
Primary outcome
Strength
Time frame: 6 weeks
Muscle strength is the force produced by a muscle or muscle fibre against resistance
Power
Time frame: 6 weeks
Power is the capacity to produce maximum force in a brief time frame
Flexibility
Time frame: 6 weeks
Flexibility refers to muscle flexibility and joint mobility, such as the ability of a joint or muscle to move within an unrestricted, non-painful range of motion and to contract
Coordination
Time frame: 6 weeks
Coordination is the ability of the body to control muscle groups at the right time, in the right direction and at the right speed, and to mobilise muscles effectively to achieve precise movements
Serve speed
Time frame: 6 weeks
Speed is a form of physical quality, which refers to the ability of the human body to move under the specified conditions
Serve accuracy
Time frame: 6 weeks
The degree of agreement between the test result and the accepted reference value, understood in the context of tennis as the amount of times the ball moves into the effective target range
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 4 Dec 2024.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Unilateral resistance training programme, Bilateral resistance training programme and Combined（UL+BL） resistance training programme in people with Exercise Training, run by Universiti Putra Malaysia at 1 site in China.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: enrolling by invitation, as of the sponsor's last update on 4 Dec 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in China. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Strength (time frame: 6 weeks). The study lists 6 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 4 Dec 2024; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 7 Nov 2026.