Memory DeficitPMISNCT06656637
To Drill or Not to Drill: Do Memory Drills Help Train the Ability to "Remember to Remember" in Veterans
A study testing Memory Drilling, Compensatory Strategies and Cognitive Processing Therapy in people with Memory Deficit, run by University of California, Los Angeles at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to memory drilling works in improving the ability to remember to do something later in treatment-seeking veterans. The main question it aims to answer is: Does adding memory drilling to intensive treatment programs improve the patient's ability to remember to do something later?… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Memory Deficit
- What is being tested?
- Memory Drilling, Compensatory Strategies and Cognitive Processing Therapy
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 75 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 22 Oct 2024to Nov 2027
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Only patients that are already accepted and scheduled to participate in an Operation Mend BRAIN Intensive Treatment Program and PTSD Intensive Treatment Program are eligible to participate in the study.
Who cannot join
- Patients with acute substance abuse disorders are not accepted into Operation Mend programs and are therefore excluded from the study.
- For logistical reasons, patients who are scheduled for arrival at the ITP sooner than 2.5 or 3 weeks are not eligible to participate.
- Patients who do not have tablet, iPad, or computer access are not eligible to participate due to the technical requirements of the computer-based assessments
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
United States1 site
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California, 90095
About this study
Official title: To Drill or Not to Drill: Do Memory Drills Help Strengthen Prospective Memory and Decrease Veterans' Concerns About Prospective Memory Problems?
The goal of this clinical trial is to memory drilling works in improving the ability to remember to do something later in treatment-seeking veterans. The main question it aims to answer is:
Does adding memory drilling to intensive treatment programs improve the patient's ability to remember to do something later?
Read more
Researchers will compare typical standardized memory training to the memory training with drilling to see if drilling improves the veterans' ability to remember tasks they are supposed to do later.
Participants will:
- complete the Operation Mend intensive treatment program with either standard care (either with or without Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD] focused trauma therapy) or standard care + memory drilling
- complete a virtual memory assessment at entrance, exit, and three months post exit. This assessment will include questionnaires, interviews, and computerized and naturalistic memory tasks.
Read the detailed description
Treatment-seeking veterans who come for diagnostics and/or treatment to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Operation Mend show a high level of memory concern. To address this issue, the veterans receive training in evidence-informed compensatory strategies. However, a high level of memory concern remains, and this study aims to investigate the efficacy of adding memory drills to the treatment program.
There is mixed evidence in the literature about whether memory drills, which tend to show improvement in computerized cognitive tasks, generalize to naturalistic forms of memory. Specifically, the efficacy of computerized training for prospective memory (PM), perhaps the most naturalistic form of memory, is understudied. The proposed study seeks to answer the question whether adding a computerized "drilling" of retrospective and prospective memory to Operation Mend's Cognitive Training enhances patients' PM performance \& reduces their memory concerns.
Study participants will be only be recruited from participants of the Operation Mend Intensive Treatment Programs (ITPs). The BRAIN ITP is a two-week intensive brain health program for patients who may have a history of mild traumatic brain injury and other comorbidities who wish to focus on improving their day-to-day cognitive functioning, maximizing their brain health as well as reducing the impact of other symptoms such as physical pain. It involves cognitive training sessions and meetings with neuropsychologists, neurologists, occupational therapists, dieticians, etc. The PTSD ITP is a two-week intensive therapy and skills training program for patients who wish to focus on evidence-based treatment for PTSD and other psychological and cognitive comorbidities that involves mental health sessions and meetings with psychiatrists, psychologists, neuropsychologists, etc.
This will be a randomized controlled trial with three groups. The experimental group with BRAIN ITP participants will receive the normal standard of care and memory drilling while the BRAIN ITP control group receives only the normal standard of care. The third control group will come from the PTSD ITP who receive normal standard of care plus PTSD treatment. This control group is included because of indications of a connection between PTSD symptomology and PM deficits.
In the BRAIN ITP, the standard PM training for both the experimental and control group takes place during the patient's individual sessions with a neuropsychologist. In total, there are seven sessions. At each of these sessions the neuropsychologist will review a new compensatory strategy for prospective memory and assign a naturalistic task for completion as homework to practice the strategy. The experimental group will receive the additional "memory drills" training. This training includes the completion of a list learning memory task and then a prospective memory task conducted on the computer at each session. The PTSD ITP group will receive the standard of care (cognitive processing therapy and cognitive training).
Participants will be assessed at baseline (before entering the program), at exit (immediately after the two-week program) and at 3 months post exit. The assessments consist of surveys regarding their PM performance in their day-to-day lives, a computerized and naturalistic objective measurement of PM. All assessments, except for the exit assessment which does not include the naturalistic task, will be administered via Zoom by study staff. Participants will fill out the exit assessment by themselves. The total study time will be approximately 2 to 3.5 hours over the course of approximately 15 to 17 weeks.
- Conditions
- Memory Deficit
- Being tested
- Memory Drilling, Compensatory Strategies, Cognitive Processing Therapy
- Keywords
- Prospective memory, Memory intervention, Memory drilling, Veterans, Memory concerns, Compensatory strategies, Cognitive training
- Medical subject headings
- Memory Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Memory DrillingBehavioural
The experimental group will receive the additional intervention during their seven sessions with their care providers. The intervention is computerized "memory drills" training. This training includes the completion of a list learning memory task (HVLT) and then a PM practice task conducted on the computer at each session.
Compensatory StrategiesBehavioural
Participants learn compensatory strategies to assist with their memory performance. This involves both external strategies, such as calendering and setting alarms, and internal strategies, like imagery and mnemonics.
Cognitive Processing TherapyBehavioural
This is PTSD-targeted therapy.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Memory Drilling BRAIN ITP (EXP) | Experimental | In the BRAIN ITP, the standard PM training for both the experimental (EXP) and control group (CON1), takes place during the patient's individual cognitive training sessions with the cognitive trainer. In total, there are seven sessions. At each of these sessions the cognitive trainer will review a new compensatory strategy for PM and assign a naturalistic PM practice task as homework to practice the strategy. The experimental group will receive the additional computerized "memory drills" training. |
| Standard of Care BRAIN ITP (CON1) | Active comparator | In the BRAIN ITP, the standard PM training for both the experimental (EXP) and control group (CON1), takes place during the patient's individual cognitive training sessions with the cognitive trainer. In total, there are seven sessions. At each of these sessions the cognitive trainer will review a new compensatory strategy for PM and assign a naturalistic PM practice task as homework to practice the strategy. The CON1 group will not receive the additional memory drilling. Receives: Behavioral: Compensatory Strategies |
| Standard of Care PTSD ITP (CON2) | Active comparator | The PTSD ITP group (CON2) will receive the traditional standard of care (cognitive training and cognitive processing therapy). There is no spaced training or practice. Receives: Behavioral: Compensatory Strategies; Behavioral: Cognitive Processing Therapy |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Prospective Memory Concerns Questionnaire (PMCQ)
The Prospective Memory Concerns Questionnaire (PMCQ) is a self-report that includes 3 subscales (Forgetting Behaviors, Memory Concerns, Retrieval Failures) and an event-based prospective memory task where they have to remember to write their handedness in the textbox at the end of the questionnaire. It is meant to assess participants experience with prospective memory tasks in their day to day lives. Item scores range from 0 to 3. Total score Range 0 to 105. Higher scores indicate more prospective memory concerns.
Measured: Day 10 of program, three month follow up
Adapted Royal Prince Alfred Prospective Memory Test
This is a slightly adapted version (ie. using emails instead of posting letters, etc.) of the Royal Prince Alfred Prospective Memory Assessment. It is a lab based but still naturalistic assessment of prospective memory. It involves short term and long term, time and event based prospective memory tasks.
Total score range 0 to 12. Higher scores indicate better prospective memory performance.
Measured: three month follow up
Computerized Prospective Memory Assessment (C-PMAT)
This is a two-part computerized task that will take no more than 25 minutes total. There are two components to the task: the "ongoing" task and the embedded prospective memory task. The ongoing task will be the same for both parts of the task - a letter 2 back. The first part of the task will involve an event-based prospective memory response while the second part will require a time-based prospective memory response. For the event-based part, participants are told to press the letter "N" itself, instead of the "2 back" button of the ongoing task, when the letter "N" is on the screen. In the time-based part, participants will be told to check the time every 100 seconds while completing the ongoing task. There will be 5 total embedded prospective tasks in each part.
Total score range is 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate better performance.
Measured: Day 10 of program, three month follow-up
Secondary outcomes (3)
Metacognitive Prospective Memory Inventory (MPMI-s)
This self-report questionnaire assesses the use of internal and external strategies to assist with memory. It will be used to assess whether the treatment program increased the use of compensatory strategies for prospective memory tasks.
Total score ranges from 22 - 110. Higher scores reflect better PM abilities.
Measured: three month follow-up
Cognitive Confidence subscale of MCQ-30
This is a 6-item self report subscale that assesses the patient's confidence/trust in their memory abilities. It will be used to assess patients belief in their memory abilities before and after the program. Total score ranges from 6 to 24. Higher scores indicate worse confidence.
Measured: three month follow-up
Post-concussive Catastrophizing Scale - cognitive symptoms (PCS-CS)
This measure is the post concussive catastrophizing scale with a focus on only cognitive symptoms. This will be used to assess if there is a change in the catastrophizing of cognitive abilities in the veteran pre and post treatment. Total score ranges from 0 to 52. Higher scores indicate higher catastrophizing.
Measured: Day 10 of program, three month follow-up
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted24 Oct 2024
- Study start22 Oct 2024
- Primary completionSep 2027 (estimated)
- Study completionNov 2027 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (11)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Memory DeficitStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of California, Los AngelesThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 75 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, Los Angeles
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Delany Thrasher, University of California, Los Angeles
- Investigators
- Delany Thrasher, PhD, Principal investigator, University of California, Los AngelesKevin Bickart, MD, PhD, Principal investigator, University of California, Los Angeles
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06656637
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- IRB-24-0693
- Acronym
- PMIS
- Status last verified
- Dec 2025
- First submitted
- 17 Oct 2024
- Last updated
- 5 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: UCLA Health Operation Mend is a comparably small treatment program; the program does not wish to share any IPD from research participants because their research participation is contingent on receiving treatment at the organization. No individual participant data will be shared.
Publications
Wijenberg MLM, Hicks AJ, Downing MG, van Heugten CM, Stapert SZ, Ponsford JL. Relevance of the Fear-Avoidance Model for Chronic Disability after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma. 2020 Dec 15;37(24):2639-2646. doi: 10.1089/neu.2020.7135. Epub 2020 Sep 22.
PubMed 32842860Wells A, Cartwright-Hatton S. A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behav Res Ther. 2004 Apr;42(4):385-96. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00147-5.
PubMed 14998733Radford KA, Lah S, Say MJ, Miller LA. Validation of a new measure of prospective memory: the Royal Prince Alfred Prospective Memory Test. Clin Neuropsychol. 2011 Jan;25(1):127-40. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2010.529463. Epub 2010 Nov 19.
PubMed 21108144Sugden N, Thomas M, Kiernan M, Wilesmith M. Validation of the Prospective Memory Concerns Questionnaire (PMCQ). Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 Aug 26;15:686850. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.686850. eCollection 2021.
PubMed 34512292Mioni G, Stablum F, McClintock SM, Cantagallo A. Time-based prospective memory in severe traumatic brain injury patients: the involvement of executive functions and time perception. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012 Jul;18(4):697-705. doi: 10.1017/S1355617712000306. Epub 2012 Mar 20.
PubMed 22433779Sheppard DP, Rau HK, Werhane ML, Fonseca LM, Chaytor NS, Peskind ER, Pagulayan KF. Associations between Intra-Individual Neurocognitive Variability and Prospective Memory in Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury History and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2022 Aug 23;37(6):1221-1227. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acac014.
PubMed 35470369Rosen AC, Sugiura L, Kramer JH, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Gabrieli JD. Cognitive training changes hippocampal function in mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;26 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):349-57. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2011-0009.
PubMed 21971474Raskin SA, Williams J, Aiken EM. A review of prospective memory in individuals with acquired brain injury. Clin Neuropsychol. 2018 Jul;32(5):891-921. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1455898. Epub 2018 Apr 2.
PubMed 29609519Pagulayan KF, Rau H, Madathil R, Werhane M, Millard SP, Petrie EC, Parmenter B, Peterson S, Sorg S, Hendrickson R, Mayer C, Meabon JS, Huber BR, Raskind M, Cook DG, Peskind ER. Retrospective and Prospective Memory Among OEF/OIF/OND Veterans With a Self-Reported History of Blast-Related mTBI. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2018 Apr;24(4):324-334. doi: 10.1017/S1355617717001217. Epub 2017 Dec 29.
PubMed 29284552Palermo L, Cinelli MC, Piccardi L, De Felice S, Ciurli P, Incoccia C, Zompanti L, Guariglia C. Cognitive functions underlying prospective memory deficits: A study on traumatic brain injury. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2020 Mar-Apr;27(2):158-172. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2018.1501374. Epub 2018 Oct 31.
PubMed 30380921Coyle H, Traynor V, Solowij N. Computerized and virtual reality cognitive training for individuals at high risk of cognitive decline: systematic review of the literature. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015 Apr;23(4):335-359. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.04.009. Epub 2014 May 14.
PubMed 24998488
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 5 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- To Drill or Not to Drill: Do Memory Drills Help Strengthen Prospective Memory and Decrease Veterans' Concerns About Prospective Memory Problems?
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06656637
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- PMIS / IRB-24-0693
- Conditions
- Memory Deficit
- Keywords
- Prospective memory, Memory intervention, Memory drilling, Veterans, Memory concerns, Compensatory strategies, Cognitive training
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Enrolling by invitation
- Enrolment
- 75 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, Los AngelesUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 22 Oct 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Sep 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Nov 2027 (estimated)
- First posted
- 24 Oct 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this clinical trial is to memory drilling works in improving the ability to remember to do something later in treatment-seeking veterans. The main question it aims to answer is:
Does adding memory drilling to intensive treatment programs improve the patient's ability to remember to do something later?
Researchers will compare typical standardized memory training to the memory training with drilling to see if drilling improves the veterans' ability to remember tasks they are supposed to do later.
Participants will:
- complete the Operation Mend intensive treatment program with either standard care (either with or without Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD] focused trauma therapy) or standard care + memory drilling
- complete a virtual memory assessment at entrance, exit, and three months post exit. This assessment will include questionnaires, interviews, and computerized and naturalistic memory tasks.
Detailed description
Treatment-seeking veterans who come for diagnostics and/or treatment to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Operation Mend show a high level of memory concern. To address this issue, the veterans receive training in evidence-informed compensatory strategies. However, a high level of memory concern remains, and this study aims to investigate the efficacy of adding memory drills to the treatment program.
There is mixed evidence in the literature about whether memory drills, which tend to show improvement in computerized cognitive tasks, generalize to naturalistic forms of memory. Specifically, the efficacy of computerized training for prospective memory (PM), perhaps the most naturalistic form of memory, is understudied. The proposed study seeks to answer the question whether adding a computerized "drilling" of retrospective and prospective memory to Operation Mend's Cognitive Training enhances patients' PM performance \& reduces their memory concerns.
Study participants will be only be recruited from participants of the Operation Mend Intensive Treatment Programs (ITPs). The BRAIN ITP is a two-week intensive brain health program for patients who may have a history of mild traumatic brain injury and other comorbidities who wish to focus on improving their day-to-day cognitive functioning, maximizing their brain health as well as reducing the impact of other symptoms such as physical pain. It involves cognitive training sessions and meetings with neuropsychologists, neurologists, occupational therapists, dieticians, etc. The PTSD ITP is a two-week intensive therapy and skills training program for patients who wish to focus on evidence-based treatment for PTSD and other psychological and cognitive comorbidities that involves mental health sessions and meetings with psychiatrists, psychologists, neuropsychologists, etc.
This will be a randomized controlled trial with three groups. The experimental group with BRAIN ITP participants will receive the normal standard of care and memory drilling while the BRAIN ITP control group receives only the normal standard of care. The third control group will come from the PTSD ITP who receive normal standard of care plus PTSD treatment. This control group is included because of indications of a connection between PTSD symptomology and PM deficits.
In the BRAIN ITP, the standard PM training for both the experimental and control group takes place during the patient's individual sessions with a neuropsychologist. In total, there are seven sessions. At each of these sessions the neuropsychologist will review a new compensatory strategy for prospective memory and assign a naturalistic task for completion as homework to practice the strategy. The experimental group will receive the additional "memory drills" training. This training includes the completion of a list learning memory task and then a prospective memory task conducted on the computer at each session. The PTSD ITP group will receive the standard of care (cognitive processing therapy and cognitive training).
Participants will be assessed at baseline (before entering the program), at exit (immediately after the two-week program) and at 3 months post exit. The assessments consist of surveys regarding their PM performance in their day-to-day lives, a computerized and naturalistic objective measurement of PM. All assessments, except for the exit assessment which does not include the naturalistic task, will be administered via Zoom by study staff. Participants will fill out the exit assessment by themselves. The total study time will be approximately 2 to 3.5 hours over the course of approximately 15 to 17 weeks.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind (participant, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Memory Drilling BRAIN ITP (EXP) | Experimental | –In the BRAIN ITP, the standard PM training for both the experimental (EXP) and control group (CON1), takes place during the patient's individual cognitive training sessions with the cognitive trainer. In total, there are seven sessions. At each of these sessions the cognitive trainer will review a new compensatory strategy for PM and assign a naturalistic PM practice task as homework to practice the strategy. The experimental group will receive the additional computerized "memory drills" training. |
| Standard of Care BRAIN ITP (CON1) | Active comparator | Behavioral: Compensatory StrategiesIn the BRAIN ITP, the standard PM training for both the experimental (EXP) and control group (CON1), takes place during the patient's individual cognitive training sessions with the cognitive trainer. In total, there are seven sessions. At each of these sessions the cognitive trainer will review a new compensatory strategy for PM and assign a naturalistic PM practice task as homework to practice the strategy. The CON1 group will not receive the additional memory drilling. |
| Standard of Care PTSD ITP (CON2) | Active comparator | Behavioral: Compensatory Strategies, Behavioral: Cognitive Processing TherapyThe PTSD ITP group (CON2) will receive the traditional standard of care (cognitive training and cognitive processing therapy). There is no spaced training or practice. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Only patients that are already accepted and scheduled to participate in an Operation Mend BRAIN Intensive Treatment Program and PTSD Intensive Treatment Program are eligible to participate in the study.
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Patients with acute substance abuse disorders are not accepted into Operation Mend programs and are therefore excluded from the study.
- For logistical reasons, patients who are scheduled for arrival at the ITP sooner than 2.5 or 3 weeks are not eligible to participate.
- Patients who do not have tablet, iPad, or computer access are not eligible to participate due to the technical requirements of the computer-based assessments
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Memory DrillingThe experimental group will receive the additional intervention during their seven sessions with their care providers. The intervention is computerized "memory drills" training. This training includes the completion of a list learning memory task (HVLT) and then a PM practice task conducted on the computer at each session. | Behavioural | – |
| Compensatory StrategiesParticipants learn compensatory strategies to assist with their memory performance. This involves both external strategies, such as calendering and setting alarms, and internal strategies, like imagery and mnemonics. | Behavioural | Standard of Care BRAIN ITP (CON1), Standard of Care PTSD ITP (CON2) |
| Cognitive Processing TherapyThis is PTSD-targeted therapy. | Behavioural | Standard of Care PTSD ITP (CON2) |
Primary outcome
Prospective Memory Concerns Questionnaire (PMCQ)
Time frame: Day 10 of program, three month follow up
The Prospective Memory Concerns Questionnaire (PMCQ) is a self-report that includes 3 subscales (Forgetting Behaviors, Memory Concerns, Retrieval Failures) and an event-based prospective memory task where they have to remember to write their handedness in the textbox at the end of the questionnaire. It is meant to assess participants experience with prospective memory tasks in their day to day lives. Item scores range from 0 to 3. Total score Range 0 to 105. Higher scores indicate more prospective memory concerns.
Adapted Royal Prince Alfred Prospective Memory Test
Time frame: three month follow up
This is a slightly adapted version (ie. using emails instead of posting letters, etc.) of the Royal Prince Alfred Prospective Memory Assessment. It is a lab based but still naturalistic assessment of prospective memory. It involves short term and long term, time and event based prospective memory tasks. Total score range 0 to 12. Higher scores indicate better prospective memory performance.
Computerized Prospective Memory Assessment (C-PMAT)
Time frame: Day 10 of program, three month follow-up
This is a two-part computerized task that will take no more than 25 minutes total. There are two components to the task: the "ongoing" task and the embedded prospective memory task. The ongoing task will be the same for both parts of the task - a letter 2 back. The first part of the task will involve an event-based prospective memory response while the second part will require a time-based prospective memory response. For the event-based part, participants are told to press the letter "N" itself, instead of the "2 back" button of the ongoing task, when the letter "N" is on the screen. In the time-based part, participants will be told to check the time every 100 seconds while completing the ongoing task. There will be 5 total embedded prospective tasks in each part. Total score range is 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate better performance.
3 secondary outcomes
Metacognitive Prospective Memory Inventory (MPMI-s)
Time frame: three month follow-up
Cognitive Confidence subscale of MCQ-30
Time frame: three month follow-up
Post-concussive Catastrophizing Scale - cognitive symptoms (PCS-CS)
Time frame: Day 10 of program, three month follow-up
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 5 Oct 2026.
- Background: PubMed 32842860Wijenberg MLM, Hicks AJ, Downing MG, van Heugten CM, Stapert SZ, Ponsford JL. Relevance of the Fear-Avoidance Model for Chronic Disability after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma. 2020 Dec 15;37(24):2639-2646. doi: 10.1089/neu.2020.7135. Epub 2020 Sep 22.
- Background: PubMed 14998733Wells A, Cartwright-Hatton S. A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behav Res Ther. 2004 Apr;42(4):385-96. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00147-5.
- Background: PubMed 21108144Radford KA, Lah S, Say MJ, Miller LA. Validation of a new measure of prospective memory: the Royal Prince Alfred Prospective Memory Test. Clin Neuropsychol. 2011 Jan;25(1):127-40. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2010.529463. Epub 2010 Nov 19.
- Background: PubMed 34512292Sugden N, Thomas M, Kiernan M, Wilesmith M. Validation of the Prospective Memory Concerns Questionnaire (PMCQ). Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 Aug 26;15:686850. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.686850. eCollection 2021.
- Background: PubMed 22433779Mioni G, Stablum F, McClintock SM, Cantagallo A. Time-based prospective memory in severe traumatic brain injury patients: the involvement of executive functions and time perception. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012 Jul;18(4):697-705. doi: 10.1017/S1355617712000306. Epub 2012 Mar 20.
- Background: PubMed 35470369Sheppard DP, Rau HK, Werhane ML, Fonseca LM, Chaytor NS, Peskind ER, Pagulayan KF. Associations between Intra-Individual Neurocognitive Variability and Prospective Memory in Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury History and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2022 Aug 23;37(6):1221-1227. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acac014.
- Background: PubMed 21971474Rosen AC, Sugiura L, Kramer JH, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Gabrieli JD. Cognitive training changes hippocampal function in mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;26 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):349-57. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2011-0009.
- Background: PubMed 29609519Raskin SA, Williams J, Aiken EM. A review of prospective memory in individuals with acquired brain injury. Clin Neuropsychol. 2018 Jul;32(5):891-921. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1455898. Epub 2018 Apr 2.
- Background: PubMed 29284552Pagulayan KF, Rau H, Madathil R, Werhane M, Millard SP, Petrie EC, Parmenter B, Peterson S, Sorg S, Hendrickson R, Mayer C, Meabon JS, Huber BR, Raskind M, Cook DG, Peskind ER. Retrospective and Prospective Memory Among OEF/OIF/OND Veterans With a Self-Reported History of Blast-Related mTBI. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2018 Apr;24(4):324-334. doi: 10.1017/S1355617717001217. Epub 2017 Dec 29.
- Background: PubMed 30380921Palermo L, Cinelli MC, Piccardi L, De Felice S, Ciurli P, Incoccia C, Zompanti L, Guariglia C. Cognitive functions underlying prospective memory deficits: A study on traumatic brain injury. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2020 Mar-Apr;27(2):158-172. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2018.1501374. Epub 2018 Oct 31.
- Background: PubMed 24998488Coyle H, Traynor V, Solowij N. Computerized and virtual reality cognitive training for individuals at high risk of cognitive decline: systematic review of the literature. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015 Apr;23(4):335-359. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.04.009. Epub 2014 May 14.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. UCLA Health Operation Mend is a comparably small treatment program; the program does not wish to share any IPD from research participants because their research participation is contingent on receiving treatment at the organization. No individual participant data will be shared.
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HIV Positive
Recruiting
Pediatric Epilepsy
Epilepsy Intractable
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Delany Thrasher, PhD principal investigator
University of California, Los Angeles
Kevin Bickart, MD, PhD principal investigator
University of California, Los Angeles
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Memory Drilling, Compensatory Strategies and Cognitive Processing Therapy in people with Memory Deficit, run by University of California, Los Angeles at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: enrolling by invitation, as of the sponsor's last update on 5 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Prospective Memory Concerns Questionnaire (PMCQ) (time frame: Day 10 of program, three month follow up). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06656637, which also lists 11 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 5 Oct 2026.