NeurofeedbackNCT06866028
Enhancing Emotion Regulation Through Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)-Informed Real-time Neurofeedback
A study testing Real-time fNIRS neurofeedback from Turbo-Satori in people with Neurofeedback and Emotion Regulation, run by University of Electronic Science and Technology of China at 1 site in Hong Kong.
Trial summary
The present study aims to employ real-time functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neurofeedback training in combination with cognitive reappraisal strategies for regulating negative emotions in healthy individuals. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 30 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Neurofeedback, Emotion Regulation, Stress
- What is being tested?
- Real-time fNIRS neurofeedback from Turbo-Satori
- Type of treatment
- Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 50 participants
- Where
- 1 siteHong Kong
- Study dates
- 8 Aug 2024to 7 Aug 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 30 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Normal/corrected-to-normal vision
- Right-handed
- Below the cut-off for clinically-significant levels of depression (below 29) indicated by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II; Beck et al., 1996)
Who cannot join
- Current/history of mental health conditions
- Current/history of chronic pain
- The following conditions: Cardiovascular disorder, Raynaud's phenomenon, fainting, seizure, wounds on the hand/arm
- Frequent use of alcohol/nicotine
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Hong Kong1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building For Interdisciplinary Research, 5 Sassoon Rd, Sandy Bay
Hong Kong
Michelle Tsang, +852 3917 7126, ncam@hku.hk
About this study
Official title: Enhancing Emotion Regulation Through fNIRS-informed Real-time Neurofeedback
The present study aims to employ real-time functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neurofeedback training in combination with cognitive reappraisal strategies for regulating negative emotions in healthy individuals.
Participants will complete:
Read more
- Cognitive reappraisal training with either real neurofeedback or sham feedback.
- Questionnaires at pre- and post- training timepoints
- A cold-pressor test at the end of the training
It is hypothesized that combining real-time fNIRS neurofeedback and cognitive reappraisal training will enhance emotion regulation in healthy individuals:
- Increased neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) region of the brain will be significantly higher in the real neurofeedback group after training compared to the sham feedback group.
- Real-time fNIRS-guided upregulation of the PFC will enhance emotion regulation during exposure to negative stimuli/scenes across the training runs.
- The effects of fNIRS neurofeedback training will extend to influence emotion regulation in a cold-pressor test administered post-training, wherein individuals in the real neurofeedback group demonstrate better regulation of stress and pain induced by the task.
Read the detailed description
The prevalence of stress-related disorders such as major depression and anxiety disorders has increased among children, adolescents and young adults internationally. Despite increasing concerns about the tremendous personal and societal toll of this development, efficacious interventions to reduce the detrimental impact of stress in young individuals are lacking. Therefore, working towards developing innovative approaches for regulating negative emotional experiences has substantial implications for addressing the prevailing mental health challenges affecting communities on a local and global scale.
Neurofeedback is a promising non-invasive neuromodulation technique allowing individuals to rapidly learn volitional control over brain activity via providing real-time feedback on brain function. Initial studies suggest that neurofeedback for emotion regulation produces increased experiences of positive emotion in patients with depression and decreased anxious mood in patients with anxiety disorder. A limitation of existing studies, however, is that neurofeedback training is often not directed with a concrete strategy that can help participants better learn control over brain activity, and extend learning outside of the experimental context.
Cognitive reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy that focuses on reevaluating and changing the interpretation of an aversive scene or stimulus to reduce its negative impact on an individuals' emotions, has been implemented in several neurofeedback studies. It is shown to be effective in reducing negative emotions in clinical populations, such as in depression, anxiety, and trauma disorders when combined with fMRI neurofeedback. Meta-analytic evidence points to the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) as a common region active during cognitive reappraisal. Thus, lPFC regions are a promising target for emotion regulation that has otherwise not been a target in existing studies, which traditionally focus on modulating emotional reactivity via subcortical regions.
Nevertheless, the implementation of neurofeedback-guided training on cortical level regions is relatively scarce, and even more so for improving emotion regulation in non-clinical populations. In our own previous studies, it has been previously demonstrated that healthy subjects can learn to control the activity of brain regions involved in emotional processing and that this can reduce anxiety. This suggests there is a promising potential of fNIRS neurofeedback training in combination with cognitive reappraisal strategies as a novel approach with broader implications for regulating stress in both clinical and non-clinical populations.
The present study aims to employ real-time fNIRS neurofeedback training in combination with cognitive reappraisal strategies for regulating negative emotions in healthy individuals. Participants will undergo cognitive reappraisal training with either real neurofeedback or sham feedback. Furthermore, emotion regulation ability will be assessed prior to and after neurofeedback training, through pre- and post-test behavioral measures and from comparing performance between real neurofeedback and sham feedback groups on a post-training task inducing physiological stress.
Participants will be explicitly instructed to apply cognitive reappraisal to upregulate brain activity. Prior to the neurofeedback runs, they will receive training illustrating the concept of cognitive reappraisal and neural basis of emotion regulation.
The present study will apply double-blinding. Participants will complete the experiment without knowing the presence of a control condition. The instructions administered to both groups will be exactly the same, and the experimenter responsible for administering instructions to the participant will not be aware of the participant's assigned group.
- Conditions
- Neurofeedback, Emotion Regulation, Stress
- Being tested
- Real-time fNIRS neurofeedback from Turbo-Satori, Yoked sham feedback from Turbo-Satori
- Keywords
- fNIRS, emotion, neurofeedback
- Medical subject headings
- Emotional Regulation
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Real-time fNIRS neurofeedback from Turbo-SatoriDevice
Activity in the target brain region measured by fNIRS in real-time will undergo processing on Turbo-Satori (BrainVoyager; Maastricht, Netherlands) to infer changes in oxygenated blood activity in the target brain region and relayed to the task program for visual feedback.
Yoked sham feedback from Turbo-SatoriDevice
Previous data acquired from another individual in the experimental group will be loaded into Turbo-Satori (BrainVoyager; Maastricht, Netherlands) software for preprocessing in real-time and relayed to the task program for visual feedback.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| fNIRS neurofeedback training group | Experimental | Individuals in the fNIRS training group will receive feedback based on their real-time brain activity in the target region and learn to upregulate PFC activity while reappraising negative images. Receives: Device: Real-time fNIRS neurofeedback from Turbo-Satori |
| Sham training group | Sham comparator | Individuals in the sham training group will receive yoked feedback from previous data acquired from another individual in real neurofeedback group while reappraising negative images. Receives: Device: Yoked sham feedback from Turbo-Satori |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Neurofeedback success on the neural level
Activity in the trained target brain region as measured by concomitant fNIRS (oxygenated signal) will be assessed over the four training runs, changes will be analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) models.
Measured: 0 to 35 minutes following the start of the training
Secondary outcomes (2)
Effect on emotion regulation
Individuals will undergo an evaluated stress-induction procedure via the cold pressor test after the neurofeedback training. Effects on emotion regulation will be assessed using self-reported ratings of stress on visual analog scales ranging from 0-100 and analyzed using ANOVA models.
Measured: 50-60 minutes following the start of the training
Effect on pain regulation
Individuals will undergo an evaluated stress-induction procedure via the cold pressor test after the neurofeedback training. Effects on pain regulation will be assessed using self-reported ratings of pain on visual analog scales ranging from 0-100 and analyzed using ANOVA models.
Measured: 50-60 minutes following the start of the training
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted10 Mar 2025
- Study start8 Aug 2024
- Primary completion7 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion7 Aug 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (12)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for NeurofeedbackStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Randomized sham-controlled parallel group fNIRS neurofeedback trial
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Investigator
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06866028
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- HKU_NCAM_001
- Status last verified
- Mar 2025
- First submitted
- 4 Mar 2025
- Last updated
- 27 Mar 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Zweerings J, Sarkheil P, Keller M, Dyck M, Klasen M, Becker B, Gaebler AJ, Ibrahim CN, Turetsky BI, Zvyagintsev M, Flatten G, Mathiak K. Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2020;28:102483. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102483. Epub 2020 Oct 28.
PubMed 33395974Zilverstand A, Sorger B, Sarkheil P, Goebel R. fMRI neurofeedback facilitates anxiety regulation in females with spider phobia. Front Behav Neurosci. 2015 Jun 8;9:148. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00148. eCollection 2015.
PubMed 26106309Zilverstand A, Parvaz MA, Goldstein RZ. Neuroimaging cognitive reappraisal in clinical populations to define neural targets for enhancing emotion regulation. A systematic review. Neuroimage. 2017 May 1;151:105-116. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.009. Epub 2016 Jun 8.
PubMed 27288319Zhao Z, Yao S, Zweerings J, Zhou X, Zhou F, Kendrick KM, Chen H, Mathiak K, Becker B. Putamen volume predicts real-time fMRI neurofeedback learning success across paradigms and neurofeedback target regions. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021 Apr 15;42(6):1879-1887. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25336. Epub 2021 Jan 5.
PubMed 33400306Zhao Z, Yao S, Li K, Sindermann C, Zhou F, Zhao W, Li J, Luhrs M, Goebel R, Kendrick KM, Becker B. Real-Time Functional Connectivity-Informed Neurofeedback of Amygdala-Frontal Pathways Reduces Anxiety. Psychother Psychosom. 2019;88(1):5-15. doi: 10.1159/000496057. Epub 2019 Jan 30.
PubMed 30699438Yao S, Becker B, Geng Y, Zhao Z, Xu X, Zhao W, Ren P, Kendrick KM. Voluntary control of anterior insula and its functional connections is feedback-independent and increases pain empathy. Neuroimage. 2016 Apr 15;130:230-240. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.035. Epub 2016 Feb 17.
PubMed 26899786Pico-Perez M, Radua J, Steward T, Menchon JM, Soriano-Mas C. Emotion regulation in mood and anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of fMRI cognitive reappraisal studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Oct 3;79(Pt B):96-104. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.001. Epub 2017 Jun 1.
PubMed 28579400COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021 Nov 6;398(10312):1700-1712. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7. Epub 2021 Oct 8.
PubMed 34634250Linhartova P, Latalova A, Kosa B, Kasparek T, Schmahl C, Paret C. fMRI neurofeedback in emotion regulation: A literature review. Neuroimage. 2019 Jun;193:75-92. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.011. Epub 2019 Mar 9.
PubMed 30862532Keller M, Zweerings J, Klasen M, Zvyagintsev M, Iglesias J, Mendoza Quinones R, Mathiak K. fMRI Neurofeedback-Enhanced Cognitive Reappraisal Training in Depression: A Double-Blind Comparison of Left and Right vlPFC Regulation. Front Psychiatry. 2021 Aug 23;12:715898. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.715898. eCollection 2021.
PubMed 34497546Gross JJ. Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology. 2002 May;39(3):281-91. doi: 10.1017/s0048577201393198.
PubMed 12212647Buhle JT, Silvers JA, Wager TD, Lopez R, Onyemekwu C, Kober H, Weber J, Ochsner KN. Cognitive reappraisal of emotion: a meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex. 2014 Nov;24(11):2981-90. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht154. Epub 2013 Jun 13.
PubMed 23765157
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 27 Mar 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Enhancing Emotion Regulation Through fNIRS-informed Real-time Neurofeedback
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06866028
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- HKU_NCAM_001
- Conditions
- Neurofeedback, Emotion Regulation, Stress
- Keywords
- fNIRS, emotion, neurofeedback
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 8 Aug 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 7 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 7 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 10 Mar 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The present study aims to employ real-time functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neurofeedback training in combination with cognitive reappraisal strategies for regulating negative emotions in healthy individuals.
Participants will complete:
- Cognitive reappraisal training with either real neurofeedback or sham feedback.
- Questionnaires at pre- and post- training timepoints
- A cold-pressor test at the end of the training
It is hypothesized that combining real-time fNIRS neurofeedback and cognitive reappraisal training will enhance emotion regulation in healthy individuals:
- Increased neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) region of the brain will be significantly higher in the real neurofeedback group after training compared to the sham feedback group.
- Real-time fNIRS-guided upregulation of the PFC will enhance emotion regulation during exposure to negative stimuli/scenes across the training runs.
- The effects of fNIRS neurofeedback training will extend to influence emotion regulation in a cold-pressor test administered post-training, wherein individuals in the real neurofeedback group demonstrate better regulation of stress and pain induced by the task.
Detailed description
The prevalence of stress-related disorders such as major depression and anxiety disorders has increased among children, adolescents and young adults internationally. Despite increasing concerns about the tremendous personal and societal toll of this development, efficacious interventions to reduce the detrimental impact of stress in young individuals are lacking. Therefore, working towards developing innovative approaches for regulating negative emotional experiences has substantial implications for addressing the prevailing mental health challenges affecting communities on a local and global scale.
Neurofeedback is a promising non-invasive neuromodulation technique allowing individuals to rapidly learn volitional control over brain activity via providing real-time feedback on brain function. Initial studies suggest that neurofeedback for emotion regulation produces increased experiences of positive emotion in patients with depression and decreased anxious mood in patients with anxiety disorder. A limitation of existing studies, however, is that neurofeedback training is often not directed with a concrete strategy that can help participants better learn control over brain activity, and extend learning outside of the experimental context.
Cognitive reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy that focuses on reevaluating and changing the interpretation of an aversive scene or stimulus to reduce its negative impact on an individuals' emotions, has been implemented in several neurofeedback studies. It is shown to be effective in reducing negative emotions in clinical populations, such as in depression, anxiety, and trauma disorders when combined with fMRI neurofeedback. Meta-analytic evidence points to the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) as a common region active during cognitive reappraisal. Thus, lPFC regions are a promising target for emotion regulation that has otherwise not been a target in existing studies, which traditionally focus on modulating emotional reactivity via subcortical regions.
Nevertheless, the implementation of neurofeedback-guided training on cortical level regions is relatively scarce, and even more so for improving emotion regulation in non-clinical populations. In our own previous studies, it has been previously demonstrated that healthy subjects can learn to control the activity of brain regions involved in emotional processing and that this can reduce anxiety. This suggests there is a promising potential of fNIRS neurofeedback training in combination with cognitive reappraisal strategies as a novel approach with broader implications for regulating stress in both clinical and non-clinical populations.
The present study aims to employ real-time fNIRS neurofeedback training in combination with cognitive reappraisal strategies for regulating negative emotions in healthy individuals. Participants will undergo cognitive reappraisal training with either real neurofeedback or sham feedback. Furthermore, emotion regulation ability will be assessed prior to and after neurofeedback training, through pre- and post-test behavioral measures and from comparing performance between real neurofeedback and sham feedback groups on a post-training task inducing physiological stress.
Participants will be explicitly instructed to apply cognitive reappraisal to upregulate brain activity. Prior to the neurofeedback runs, they will receive training illustrating the concept of cognitive reappraisal and neural basis of emotion regulation.
The present study will apply double-blinding. Participants will complete the experiment without knowing the presence of a control condition. The instructions administered to both groups will be exactly the same, and the experimenter responsible for administering instructions to the participant will not be aware of the participant's assigned group.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, investigator)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Randomized sham-controlled parallel group fNIRS neurofeedback trial
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| fNIRS neurofeedback training group | Experimental | Device: Real-time fNIRS neurofeedback from Turbo-SatoriIndividuals in the fNIRS training group will receive feedback based on their real-time brain activity in the target region and learn to upregulate PFC activity while reappraising negative images. |
| Sham training group | Sham comparator | Device: Yoked sham feedback from Turbo-SatoriIndividuals in the sham training group will receive yoked feedback from previous data acquired from another individual in real neurofeedback group while reappraising negative images. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 30 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Normal/corrected-to-normal vision
- Right-handed
- Below the cut-off for clinically-significant levels of depression (below 29) indicated by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II; Beck et al., 1996)
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Current/history of mental health conditions
- Current/history of chronic pain
- The following conditions: Cardiovascular disorder, Raynaud's phenomenon, fainting, seizure, wounds on the hand/arm
- Frequent use of alcohol/nicotine
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Real-time fNIRS neurofeedback from Turbo-SatoriActivity in the target brain region measured by fNIRS in real-time will undergo processing on Turbo-Satori (BrainVoyager; Maastricht, Netherlands) to infer changes in oxygenated blood activity in the target brain region and relayed to the task program for visual feedback. | Device | fNIRS neurofeedback training group |
| Yoked sham feedback from Turbo-SatoriPrevious data acquired from another individual in the experimental group will be loaded into Turbo-Satori (BrainVoyager; Maastricht, Netherlands) software for preprocessing in real-time and relayed to the task program for visual feedback. | Device | Sham training group |
Primary outcome
Neurofeedback success on the neural level
Time frame: 0 to 35 minutes following the start of the training
Activity in the trained target brain region as measured by concomitant fNIRS (oxygenated signal) will be assessed over the four training runs, changes will be analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) models.
2 secondary outcomes
Effect on emotion regulation
Time frame: 50-60 minutes following the start of the training
Effect on pain regulation
Time frame: 50-60 minutes following the start of the training
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 27 Mar 2025.
- Background: PubMed 33395974Zweerings J, Sarkheil P, Keller M, Dyck M, Klasen M, Becker B, Gaebler AJ, Ibrahim CN, Turetsky BI, Zvyagintsev M, Flatten G, Mathiak K. Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2020;28:102483. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102483. Epub 2020 Oct 28.
- Background: PubMed 26106309Zilverstand A, Sorger B, Sarkheil P, Goebel R. fMRI neurofeedback facilitates anxiety regulation in females with spider phobia. Front Behav Neurosci. 2015 Jun 8;9:148. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00148. eCollection 2015.
- Background: PubMed 27288319Zilverstand A, Parvaz MA, Goldstein RZ. Neuroimaging cognitive reappraisal in clinical populations to define neural targets for enhancing emotion regulation. A systematic review. Neuroimage. 2017 May 1;151:105-116. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.009. Epub 2016 Jun 8.
- Background: PubMed 33400306Zhao Z, Yao S, Zweerings J, Zhou X, Zhou F, Kendrick KM, Chen H, Mathiak K, Becker B. Putamen volume predicts real-time fMRI neurofeedback learning success across paradigms and neurofeedback target regions. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021 Apr 15;42(6):1879-1887. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25336. Epub 2021 Jan 5.
- Background: PubMed 30699438Zhao Z, Yao S, Li K, Sindermann C, Zhou F, Zhao W, Li J, Luhrs M, Goebel R, Kendrick KM, Becker B. Real-Time Functional Connectivity-Informed Neurofeedback of Amygdala-Frontal Pathways Reduces Anxiety. Psychother Psychosom. 2019;88(1):5-15. doi: 10.1159/000496057. Epub 2019 Jan 30.
- Background: PubMed 26899786Yao S, Becker B, Geng Y, Zhao Z, Xu X, Zhao W, Ren P, Kendrick KM. Voluntary control of anterior insula and its functional connections is feedback-independent and increases pain empathy. Neuroimage. 2016 Apr 15;130:230-240. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.035. Epub 2016 Feb 17.
- Background: PubMed 28579400Pico-Perez M, Radua J, Steward T, Menchon JM, Soriano-Mas C. Emotion regulation in mood and anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of fMRI cognitive reappraisal studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Oct 3;79(Pt B):96-104. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.001. Epub 2017 Jun 1.
- Background: PubMed 34634250COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021 Nov 6;398(10312):1700-1712. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7. Epub 2021 Oct 8.
- Background: PubMed 30862532Linhartova P, Latalova A, Kosa B, Kasparek T, Schmahl C, Paret C. fMRI neurofeedback in emotion regulation: A literature review. Neuroimage. 2019 Jun;193:75-92. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.011. Epub 2019 Mar 9.
- Background: PubMed 34497546Keller M, Zweerings J, Klasen M, Zvyagintsev M, Iglesias J, Mendoza Quinones R, Mathiak K. fMRI Neurofeedback-Enhanced Cognitive Reappraisal Training in Depression: A Double-Blind Comparison of Left and Right vlPFC Regulation. Front Psychiatry. 2021 Aug 23;12:715898. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.715898. eCollection 2021.
- Background: PubMed 12212647Gross JJ. Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology. 2002 May;39(3):281-91. doi: 10.1017/s0048577201393198.
- Background: PubMed 23765157Buhle JT, Silvers JA, Wager TD, Lopez R, Onyemekwu C, Kober H, Weber J, Ochsner KN. Cognitive reappraisal of emotion: a meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex. 2014 Nov;24(11):2981-90. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht154. Epub 2013 Jun 13.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building For Interdisciplinary Research, 5 Sassoon Rd, Sandy Bay
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Real-time fNIRS neurofeedback from Turbo-Satori in people with Neurofeedback and Emotion Regulation, run by University of Electronic Science and Technology of China at 1 site in Hong Kong.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Mar 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Hong Kong. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Each site lists its own contact: choose the nearest one under Trial locations. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Neurofeedback success on the neural level (time frame: 0 to 35 minutes following the start of the training). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06866028, which also lists 12 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Mar 2025.