Citicoline Dose on Energy Drink Efficacy

Measure of how well a subject can direct and focus cognitive activity on specific stimuli. Assessed using the 4-part Continuous Performance Test, which requires the subject to respond to the target stimulus "B" but not to any other letter. Stimuli are presented at random and the subject responds by pressing the SPACE BAR. Sustained Attention is then quantified as:

(Part 2 Correct Responses + Part 3 Correct Responses + Part 4 Correct Responses) - (Part 2 Incorrect Responses + Part 3 Incorrect Responses + Part 4 Incorrect Responses)

Measure of how well a subject perceives, attends, responds to visual-perceptual information, and performs motor speed and fine motor coordination. To assess psychomotor speed, participants will complete two tests:

1. The finger tapping test (FTT), which requires subjects respond by pressing the SPACE BAR with their right index finger as many times as they can in 10 seconds. They do this once for practice, and then there are three test trials. The test is repeated with the left hand; and
2. The symbol digit coding test (SDC), which consists of serial presentations of screens, each of which contains a bank of eight symbols above eight empty boxes. The participant types in the number on the NUMBER ROW that corresponds to the symbol that is highlighted.

Psychomotor Speed is then quantified as a singular outcome using data aggregated from these two tests as:

FTT Right Taps Average + FTT Left Taps Average + SDC Correct Responses

Measure of how well a subject can perceive and attend to symbols using short-term memory processes. Working memory is assessed via completion of the 4-part Continuous Performance Test, which requires the subject to respond to the target stimulus "B" but not to any other letter. Stimuli are presented at random and the subject responds by pressing the SPACE BAR.

Working memory is assessed as: Part 4 Correct Responses - Part 4 Incorrect Responses

Measure of how well subject is able to adapt to rapidly changing and increasingly complex set of directions and/or to manipulate the information. Two tests will be used to assess:

1. the Shifting Attention Test (SAT), where a square or circle appears at the top of the screen and a square and a circle on the bottom. The figures are either red or blue. The participant is asked to match a bottom figure to the top figure by shape or color with the rules changing at random; and
2. the Stroop Test, which requires participants to identify the words red, yellow, blue, and green appearing on the screen (part 1), when the color of the word matches what the word says (part 2), or when the color of the word does not match what the word says (part 3).

Cognitive Flexibility is then quantified as a singular outcome using data aggregated from these two tests as: SAT Correct Responses - SAT Errors - Stroop Commission Errors

Resting metabolic rate (kcal/min) will be quantified from resting, fasted analyses of pulmonary gas exchange.

Resting respiratory exchange ratio will be quantified from resting, fasted analyses of pulmonary gas exchange.

Total mood disturbance will be quantified using the Profile of Mood State Short Form Questionnaire.

Vigor will be quantified using the Profile of Mood State Short Form

Heart rate will be quantified from a standard 3-lead ECG

Systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures (mmHg) will be quantified from brachial