Glycaemic IndexNCT06898840
Establishing the Glycaemic Index of Fruit Drinks Using Different Measurement Methodologies
A study testing Fruit drink in people with Glycaemic Index and Glycaemic Response Measurements, run by University of Bath at 1 site in United Kingdom.
Trial summary
Glycaemic responses to carbohydrates ingested as fruit sugars may vary depending on factors inherent to the fruit and the type of sugar. The aim of this project is to investigate the glycaemic responses to a range of commercially available fruit drinks and to establish the glycaemic index for each product relative to… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 65 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Glycaemic Index, Glycaemic Response Measurements
- What is being tested?
- Fruit drink
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 11 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited Kingdom
- Study dates
- 13 Mar 2025to 9 Jul 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 65 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Age: 18-65 years
- Body mass index 18-30 kg/m2
Who cannot join
- diagnosis of any form of diabetes
- intolerances or allergies to any of the study procedures (e.g. fructose/inulin intolerance)
- Fructose malabsorption
- Inborn errors of fructose metabolism (e.g. fructokinase deficiency, aldolase B deficiency, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency)
- pregnant or lactating
- any condition that could introduce bias to the study (e.g. diagnoses of lipid disorders, including cardiovascular disease, or therapies that alter lipid or glucose metabolism, such as statins or niacin).
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United Kingdom1 site
Department for Health, University of Bath
Bath, BA2 7AY
About this study
Official title: Study to Examine Glycaemic Responses to the Ingestion of Fruit Juices and Smoothies Using Different Measurement Methodologies.
Glycaemic responses to carbohydrates ingested as fruit sugars may vary depending on factors inherent to the fruit and the type of sugar. The aim of this project is to investigate the glycaemic responses to a range of commercially available fruit drinks and to establish the glycaemic index for each product relative to a glucose reference. Differences in recorded responses could also be influenced by the sample type (capillary blood vs interstitial fluid) and participant characteristics. Participants will ingest 8 test drinks including 5 different fruit drinks (OJ, AJ, S\&B, ENERGISE, BLUE), each matched for carbohydrate to the glucose reference (CONTROL) which will be sampled two times, an additional sample of one of the smoothies (S\&B) will also be replicated. Fingerstick capillary blood sampling alongside dual sited continuous glucose monitors (CGM) will measure glucose and lactate concentrations, subjective appetite sensations will also be recorded. The tests will follow best practice guidelines for glycaemic index testing. These data will provide insight into how differing formulations can alter the glycaemic responses to fruit drinks, and whether sampling technique can affect the interpretations of measurement.
- Conditions
- Glycaemic Index, Glycaemic Response Measurements
- Being tested
- Fruit drink
- Keywords
- Fruit Drinks, Glycaemic Index
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Fruit drinkOther
Commercially available fruit drinks or smoothies
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| CONTROL | Active comparator | 50 g glucose (55 g dextrose powder accounting for hydration) plus 641 mL water Receives: Other: Fruit drink |
| REPLICATE CONTROL | Active comparator | 50 g glucose (55 g dextrose powder accounting for hydration) plus 641 mL water Receives: Other: Fruit drink |
| S&B | Experimental | 417 mL of commercially available "Strawberries \& Bananas" fruit smoothie providing 50 g carbohydrate [strawberries (31%), apples, bananas (22%), white grapes, oranges, blackcurrants]. Plus 224 mL water to standardise volume Receives: Other: Fruit drink |
| REPLICATE S&B | Experimental | 417 mL of commercially available "Strawberries \& Bananas" fruit smoothie providing 50 g carbohydrate [strawberries (31%), apples, bananas (22%), white grapes, oranges, blackcurrants]. Plus 224 mL water to standardise volume Receives: Other: Fruit drink |
| OJ | Experimental | 641 mL of commercially available "Smooth Orange Juice" providing 50 g of carbohydrate [100% oranges] Receives: Other: Fruit drink |
| AJ | Experimental | 455 mL commercially available "Apple Juice" providing 50 g of carbohydrate [apples, ascorbic acid]. Plus 186 mL water to standardise volume Receives: Other: Fruit drink |
| ENERGISE | Experimental | 417 mL of commercially available "Energise Super Smoothie" providing 50 g carbohydrate [apples (50%), red grapes, bananas, strawberries (10%), blackcurrants, sour cherries (3.3%), pressed beetroot, flax seeds (0.56%), guarana infusion (0.01%), vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, C \& E]. Plus 224 mL water to standardise volume Receives: Other: Fruit drink |
| BLUE | Experimental | 521 mL of commercially available "Bolt from the Blue" juice drink providing 50 g carbohydrate [apple (66%), coconut water (18%), white grapes, white guava (5.2%), passion fruit, lime (0.87%), spirulina extract (0.81%) vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, C \& E]. Plus 120 mL water to standardise volume Receives: Other: Fruit drink |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Glycaemic indices for 5 test drinks measured using capillary blood samples
Glycaemic indices [2-hour incremental area under the glucose curve (mmol/L-1x120 minutes) for each of the 5 test drinks relative to mean value of control conditions (CONTROL, REPLICATE CONTROL), expressed as a percentage] in capillary blood samples
Measured: 120 minutes
Secondary outcomes (1)
Glycaemic index of all conditions with capillary blood samples vs CGM
The difference in glycaemic index [2-hour incremental area under the glucose curve (mmol/L-1x120 minutes) for 5 test drinks relative to mean control (CONTROL, REPLICATE CONTROL), expressed as a percentage] in capillary blood samples versus continuous glucose monitors.
Measured: 120 minutes
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted27 Mar 2025
- Study start13 Mar 2025
- Primary completion9 Jul 2025
- Study completion9 Jul 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Glycaemic IndexStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- Randomised, controlled, replicate crossover trial
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 11 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Bath
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Emma Greatorex Brooks, University of Bath
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06898840
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 7134-9931
- Status last verified
- Sep 2026
- First submitted
- 28 Feb 2025
- Last updated
- 22 Sep 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: De-identified data will be made available open access on the University of Bath Research Data Archive (RDA) at the point of publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
Publications
Gonzalez JT. Are all sugars equal? Role of the food source in physiological responses to sugars with an emphasis on fruit and fruit juice. Eur J Nutr. 2024 Aug;63(5):1435-1451. doi: 10.1007/s00394-024-03365-3. Epub 2024 Mar 16.
PubMed 38492022
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 22 Sep 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Study to Examine Glycaemic Responses to the Ingestion of Fruit Juices and Smoothies Using Different Measurement Methodologies.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06898840
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 7134-9931
- Conditions
- Glycaemic Index, Glycaemic Response Measurements
- Keywords
- Fruit Drinks, Glycaemic Index
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 11 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of BathUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 13 Mar 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 9 Jul 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 9 Jul 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 27 Mar 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Glycaemic responses to carbohydrates ingested as fruit sugars may vary depending on factors inherent to the fruit and the type of sugar. The aim of this project is to investigate the glycaemic responses to a range of commercially available fruit drinks and to establish the glycaemic index for each product relative to a glucose reference. Differences in recorded responses could also be influenced by the sample type (capillary blood vs interstitial fluid) and participant characteristics. Participants will ingest 8 test drinks including 5 different fruit drinks (OJ, AJ, S\&B, ENERGISE, BLUE), each matched for carbohydrate to the glucose reference (CONTROL) which will be sampled two times, an additional sample of one of the smoothies (S\&B) will also be replicated. Fingerstick capillary blood sampling alongside dual sited continuous glucose monitors (CGM) will measure glucose and lactate concentrations, subjective appetite sensations will also be recorded. The tests will follow best practice guidelines for glycaemic index testing. These data will provide insight into how differing formulations can alter the glycaemic responses to fruit drinks, and whether sampling technique can affect the interpretations of measurement.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 8
- Model description
- Randomised, controlled, replicate crossover trial
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| CONTROL | Active comparator | Other: Fruit drink50 g glucose (55 g dextrose powder accounting for hydration) plus 641 mL water |
| REPLICATE CONTROL | Active comparator | Other: Fruit drink50 g glucose (55 g dextrose powder accounting for hydration) plus 641 mL water |
| S&B | Experimental | Other: Fruit drink417 mL of commercially available "Strawberries \& Bananas" fruit smoothie providing 50 g carbohydrate [strawberries (31%), apples, bananas (22%), white grapes, oranges, blackcurrants]. Plus 224 mL water to standardise volume |
| REPLICATE S&B | Experimental | Other: Fruit drink417 mL of commercially available "Strawberries \& Bananas" fruit smoothie providing 50 g carbohydrate [strawberries (31%), apples, bananas (22%), white grapes, oranges, blackcurrants]. Plus 224 mL water to standardise volume |
| OJ | Experimental | Other: Fruit drink641 mL of commercially available "Smooth Orange Juice" providing 50 g of carbohydrate [100% oranges] |
| AJ | Experimental | Other: Fruit drink455 mL commercially available "Apple Juice" providing 50 g of carbohydrate [apples, ascorbic acid]. Plus 186 mL water to standardise volume |
| ENERGISE | Experimental | Other: Fruit drink417 mL of commercially available "Energise Super Smoothie" providing 50 g carbohydrate [apples (50%), red grapes, bananas, strawberries (10%), blackcurrants, sour cherries (3.3%), pressed beetroot, flax seeds (0.56%), guarana infusion (0.01%), vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, C \& E]. Plus 224 mL water to standardise volume |
| BLUE | Experimental | Other: Fruit drink521 mL of commercially available "Bolt from the Blue" juice drink providing 50 g carbohydrate [apple (66%), coconut water (18%), white grapes, white guava (5.2%), passion fruit, lime (0.87%), spirulina extract (0.81%) vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, C \& E]. Plus 120 mL water to standardise volume |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 65 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Age: 18-65 years
- Body mass index 18-30 kg/m2
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- diagnosis of any form of diabetes
- intolerances or allergies to any of the study procedures (e.g. fructose/inulin intolerance)
- Fructose malabsorption
- Inborn errors of fructose metabolism (e.g. fructokinase deficiency, aldolase B deficiency, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency)
- pregnant or lactating
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Fruit drinkCommercially available fruit drinks or smoothies | Other | AJ, BLUE, CONTROL, ENERGISE, OJ, REPLICATE CONTROL, REPLICATE S&B, S&B |
Primary outcome
Glycaemic indices for 5 test drinks measured using capillary blood samples
Time frame: 120 minutes
Glycaemic indices [2-hour incremental area under the glucose curve (mmol/L-1x120 minutes) for each of the 5 test drinks relative to mean value of control conditions (CONTROL, REPLICATE CONTROL), expressed as a percentage] in capillary blood samples
1 secondary outcome
Glycaemic index of all conditions with capillary blood samples vs CGM
Time frame: 120 minutes
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 22 Sep 2026.
- Background: PubMed 38492022Gonzalez JT. Are all sugars equal? Role of the food source in physiological responses to sugars with an emphasis on fruit and fruit juice. Eur J Nutr. 2024 Aug;63(5):1435-1451. doi: 10.1007/s00394-024-03365-3. Epub 2024 Mar 16.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. De-identified data will be made available open access on the University of Bath Research Data Archive (RDA) at the point of publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Fruit drink in people with Glycaemic Index and Glycaemic Response Measurements, run by University of Bath at 1 site in United Kingdom.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 22 Sep 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United Kingdom. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Glycaemic indices for 5 test drinks measured using capillary blood samples (time frame: 120 minutes). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06898840, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 22 Sep 2026.