SwimmingShoulderNCT06909864
Competitive Swimming and Shoulder Adaptations: The Role of Stroke Specialty in Adolescent Swimmers
An observational study of Swimming and Shoulder, run by Hacettepe University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Objectives: To examine the sport-specific adaptations and investigate the effect of swimming stroke specialization in shoulder complex among adolescent competitive swimmers. Design: Observational study. Setting: Athletic facilities. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 13 to 18 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Swimming, Shoulder, Adolescent
- How many people
- 76 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 16 Oct 2019to 16 Oct 2021
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 13 to 18 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Study population: A total of 55 adolescent competitive swimmers and 40 non-athlete peers were screened. 48 swimmers and 28 non-athlete peers aged between 13 to 18 years met the inclusion criteria and participated in this study
Who may be able to join
- aged between 13 to 18 years
- the asymptomatic swimmers with no history of major upper limb injury or surgery and no injury history of upper limb in last 6 months
- having experience in at least 5 years competitive swimming,
- actively participating in competitive swimming at least 1 year,
- competing at least in national level and having swimming stroke specialization in competitive swimming
- aged between 13 to 18 years,
- no competed in overhead sports like swimming, basketball, volleyball, tennis, baseball as professional or recreational,
- no history of major upper limb injury or surgery in last 6 months.
Who cannot join
- if they had at least two positive signs by shoulder screening tests (Hawkin's/Kennedy Subacromial Impingement Test, Jobe/Empty Can Test, External Rotation Resistance Test, Apprehension Instability Test, Speed Test and Gerber Lift-Off Test),
- a BMI of 30 kg/m² or greater than 30 kg/m²,
- competing in paralympic sports,
- if they had any major upper limb injuries or surgeries,
- if they had any systemic, neurological or rheumatological diseases,
- being pre-pubertal stage (Tanner I) according to Tanner Scale,
- indicated their unwillingness to participate to this study.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Objectives: To examine the sport-specific adaptations and investigate the effect of swimming stroke specialization in shoulder complex among adolescent competitive swimmers.
Design: Observational study.
Read more
Setting: Athletic facilities.
Participants: A total of 76 adolescents participated including n = 28 non-swimmers as Control Group (CG) and n = 48 competitive swimmers as Swimmers Group (SWG).
Main Outcome Measures: Strength of glenohumeral (GH) and scapular muscles (SM), mobility of GH (GH ROMs) joint, proprioception, pectoralis minor length (PML), posterior shoulder tightness (PST) were evaluated for all participants. Kerlan Jobe Orthopaedic Score (KJOC) was sed to evaluate for SWG. The tested shoulder physical performance parameters were compared between the groups.
- Conditions
- Swimming, Shoulder, Adolescent
- Keywords
- Swimming, Shoulder, Adolescent, Musculoskeletal screening
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Swimming Group (SWG) | The asymptomatic swimmers with no history of major upper limb injury or surgery and no injury history of upper limb in last 6 months, having experience in at least 5 years competitive swimming, actively participating in competitive swimming at least 1 year, competing at least in national level and having swimming stroke specialization in competitive swimming were included | |
| Control Group (CG) | The non-athlete peers with no competed in overhead sports like swimming, basketball, volleyball, tennis, baseball as professional or recreational, no history of major upper limb injury or surgery and no injury history in last 6 months participated in this study. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Muscle Strength
Muscle strength was assessed with break test by using hand-hold dynamometer (Jamaar Hand Dynamometer, USA). Assessments were applied for both shoulders and 3 times for each position. Shoulder flexion, extension, abduction, full-can, glenohumeral IR and ER, upper, middle and lower trapezius, serratus anterior muscle tests were applied. GH ER/IR ratio was calculated as well (21-26). Measurements were recorded in Newton (N).
Measured: From October 2019 to September 2021
Range of Motion
Passive Range of Motion (PROM) of both shoulders was assessed using a digital inclinometer (Get My ROM, version 1.0.3 for iOS; Interactive Medical Productions, Hampton, NH, USA). Shoulder internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), and total-rotational ROM were assessed (ICC = 0.92-94). Shoulder IR and ER PROM were obtained with the participant lying supine on a standard examination table, with the shoulder initially abducted to 90° with 0° rotation and the elbow flexed to 90° with neutral pronation/supination. In addition, Total-rotational ROM was calculated by summing the IR and ER ROMs average degrees of each shoulder.
Measured: From October 2019 to September 2021
Pectoralis Minor Length
Digitized 2 anatomical landmarks representing the length of the pectoralis minor. These 2 points were the medial-inferior angle of the coracoid process and just lateral to the sternocostal junction of the inferior aspect of the fourth rib. Measurements of pectoralis minor muscle length was taken with tape measure (ICC = 0.96). Because of height and muscle length variability among subjects, a normalization index was developed. The pectoralis minor index (PMI) was calculated by dividing the resting muscle length measurement by the subject height and multiplying by 100.
Measured: From October 2019 to September 2021
Proprioception
For proprioception testing, participants attempted to reproduce 45° ER angle. Participants were positioned as lying supine with arm abducted to 90°, elbow flexed at 90°. The ''Get My ROM'' digital inclinometer was used to measure the angles; the iPhone was securely attached to participants forearm using a strap with the screen facing the tester (ICC = 0.87-89). The participant was instructed to close their eyes by using an eye patch throughout testing. The arm was passively rotated to 45° ER and held in this position for 3 seconds. The participant was asked to remember this position. Following the return to neutral the participant was asked to actively return the arm back to the angle shown. The amount of degrees away from 45° was recorded.
Measured: From October 2019 to September 2021
Posterior Shoulder Tightness
Participants were positioned supine with both shoulders flush against a standard examination table. The tester stood at the head of the examination table toward the head of the subject and positioned the test shoulder and elbow in 90 of both abduction and flexion. To measure GH horizontal adduction, The ''Get My ROM'' digital inclinometer was aligned with the ventral midline of the humerus. The angle created by the end position of the humerus with respect to 0 of horizontal adduction was then recorded as the total amount of GH horizontal adduction motion (ICC = 0.79).
Measured: From October 2019 to September 2021
Secondary outcomes (2)
Scapular Dyskinesis
Each participant performed 5 repetitions of bilateral, active, weighted shoulder flexion and bilateral, active, weighted shoulder abduction (frontal plane) while they were observed from the posterior views. First of all, the scapula was observed while participants in rest and then weighted shoulder flexion and abduction movements from the posterior views. Kibler et al. reported the reliability of a visually based classification system for scapular dysfunction that defined 3 different types of motion abnormalities: Type 1 = inferior angle prominence, Type II = medial border prominence and Type III = excessive superior border elevation. Normal, symmetric scapular motion was considered Type IV (ICC = 0.32-42).
Measured: From October 2019 to September 2021
Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score (KJOC)
KJOC has been designed specifically as a subjective assessment tool to measure functional status of the upper extremities in overhead athletes. The KJOC was translated from English to Turkish to enable use of questionnaires in Turkish overhead athletes by Turgut et al. KJOC was used to measure functional status of the upper extremities in competitive adolescent swimmers and the scores compared in different stroke specialty among the swimmers in this study.
Measured: From October 2019 to September 2021
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted4 Apr 2025
- Study start16 Oct 2019
- Primary completion10 Sep 2021
- Study completion16 Oct 2021
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (25)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for SwimmingStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Hacettepe UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Enrolment
- 76 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Hacettepe University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, SERCAN YILLI, Hacettepe University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06909864
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- GO 19/823
- Acronym
- Shoulder
- Status last verified
- Mar 2025
- First submitted
- 20 Mar 2025
- Last updated
- 4 Apr 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Publications
Laudner KG, Stanek JM, Meister K. Assessing posterior shoulder contracture: the reliability and validity of measuring glenohumeral joint horizontal adduction. J Athl Train. 2006 Oct-Dec;41(4):375-80.
PubMed 17273461Kibler WB, McMullen J. Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder pain. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2003 Mar-Apr;11(2):142-51. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200303000-00008.
PubMed 12670140McClure P, Tate AR, Kareha S, Irwin D, Zlupko E. A clinical method for identifying scapular dyskinesis, part 1: reliability. J Athl Train. 2009 Mar-Apr;44(2):160-4. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-44.2.160.
PubMed 19295960Higson E, Herrington L, Butler C, Horsley I. The short-term effect of swimming training load on shoulder rotational range of motion, shoulder joint position sense and pectoralis minor length. Shoulder Elbow. 2018 Oct;10(4):285-291. doi: 10.1177/1758573218773539. Epub 2018 May 12.
PubMed 30214495Ager AL, Roy JS, Roos M, Belley AF, Cools A, Hebert LJ. Shoulder proprioception: How is it measured and is it reliable? A systematic review. J Hand Ther. 2017 Apr-Jun;30(2):221-231. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2017.05.003.
PubMed 28641738Robertson JA. F. P. Kendall and E. K. McCreary "Muscles, Testing and Function" (Third Edition). Br J Sports Med. 1984;18(1):25-.
Michener LA, Boardman ND, Pidcoe PE, Frith AM. Scapular muscle tests in subjects with shoulder pain and functional loss: reliability and construct validity. Phys Ther. 2005 Nov;85(11):1128-38.
PubMed 16253043Hislop H, Avers D, Brown M. Daniels and Worthingham's muscle Testing-E-Book: Techniques of manual examination and performance testing: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.
Itoi E, Kido T, Sano A, Urayama M, Sato K. Which is more useful, the "full can test" or the "empty can test," in detecting the torn supraspinatus tendon? Am J Sports Med. 1999 Jan-Feb;27(1):65-8. doi: 10.1177/03635465990270011901.
PubMed 9934421Hayes K, Walton JR, Szomor ZL, Murrell GA. Reliability of 3 methods for assessing shoulder strength. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002 Jan-Feb;11(1):33-9. doi: 10.1067/mse.2002.119852.
PubMed 11845146McLaine SJ, Ginn KA, Fell JW, Bird ML. Isometric shoulder strength in young swimmers. J Sci Med Sport. 2018 Jan;21(1):35-39. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.003. Epub 2017 May 25.
PubMed 28844605Harput G, Guney H, Toprak U, Kaya T, Colakoglu FF, Baltaci G. Shoulder-Rotator Strength, Range of Motion, and Acromiohumeral Distance in Asymptomatic Adolescent Volleyball Attackers. J Athl Train. 2016 Sep;51(9):733-738. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.04. Epub 2016 Nov 4.
PubMed 27813683Rose MB, Noonan T. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in throwing athletes: current perspectives. Open Access J Sports Med. 2018 Mar 19;9:69-78. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S138975. eCollection 2018.
PubMed 29593438Wymore L, Reeve RE, Chaput CD. No correlation between stroke specialty and rate of shoulder pain in NCAA men swimmers. Int J Shoulder Surg. 2012 Jul;6(3):71-5. doi: 10.4103/0973-6042.102555.
PubMed 23204760Park HB, Yokota A, Gill HS, El Rassi G, McFarland EG. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Jul;87(7):1446-55. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.D.02335.
PubMed 15995110
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 4 Apr 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Competitive Swimming and Shoulder Adaptations: The Role of Stroke Specialty in Adolescent Swimmers
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06909864
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Shoulder / GO 19/823
- Conditions
- Swimming, Shoulder, Adolescent
- Keywords
- Swimming, Shoulder, Adolescent, Musculoskeletal screening
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 76 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Hacettepe UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 16 Oct 2019 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 10 Sep 2021 (actual)
- Study completion
- 16 Oct 2021 (actual)
- First posted
- 4 Apr 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Objectives: To examine the sport-specific adaptations and investigate the effect of swimming stroke specialization in shoulder complex among adolescent competitive swimmers.
Design: Observational study.
Setting: Athletic facilities.
Participants: A total of 76 adolescents participated including n = 28 non-swimmers as Control Group (CG) and n = 48 competitive swimmers as Swimmers Group (SWG).
Main Outcome Measures: Strength of glenohumeral (GH) and scapular muscles (SM), mobility of GH (GH ROMs) joint, proprioception, pectoralis minor length (PML), posterior shoulder tightness (PST) were evaluated for all participants. Kerlan Jobe Orthopaedic Score (KJOC) was sed to evaluate for SWG. The tested shoulder physical performance parameters were compared between the groups.
Study design
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Swimming Group (SWG) | – | –The asymptomatic swimmers with no history of major upper limb injury or surgery and no injury history of upper limb in last 6 months, having experience in at least 5 years competitive swimming, actively participating in competitive swimming at least 1 year, competing at least in national level and having swimming stroke specialization in competitive swimming were included |
| Control Group (CG) | – | –The non-athlete peers with no competed in overhead sports like swimming, basketball, volleyball, tennis, baseball as professional or recreational, no history of major upper limb injury or surgery and no injury history in last 6 months participated in this study. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 13 to 18 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
- Study population
- A total of 55 adolescent competitive swimmers and 40 non-athlete peers were screened. 48 swimmers and 28 non-athlete peers aged between 13 to 18 years met the inclusion criteria and participated in this study
Key inclusion criteria (8 listed)
- aged between 13 to 18 years
- the asymptomatic swimmers with no history of major upper limb injury or surgery and no injury history of upper limb in last 6 months
- having experience in at least 5 years competitive swimming,
- actively participating in competitive swimming at least 1 year,
- competing at least in national level and having swimming stroke specialization in competitive swimming
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- if they had at least two positive signs by shoulder screening tests (Hawkin's/Kennedy Subacromial Impingement Test, Jobe/Empty Can Test, External Rotation Resistance Test, Apprehension Instability Test, Speed Test and Gerber Lift-Off Test),
- a BMI of 30 kg/m² or greater than 30 kg/m²,
- competing in paralympic sports,
- if they had any major upper limb injuries or surgeries,
- if they had any systemic, neurological or rheumatological diseases,
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Primary outcome
Muscle Strength
Time frame: From October 2019 to September 2021
Muscle strength was assessed with break test by using hand-hold dynamometer (Jamaar Hand Dynamometer, USA). Assessments were applied for both shoulders and 3 times for each position. Shoulder flexion, extension, abduction, full-can, glenohumeral IR and ER, upper, middle and lower trapezius, serratus anterior muscle tests were applied. GH ER/IR ratio was calculated as well (21-26). Measurements were recorded in Newton (N).
Range of Motion
Time frame: From October 2019 to September 2021
Passive Range of Motion (PROM) of both shoulders was assessed using a digital inclinometer (Get My ROM, version 1.0.3 for iOS; Interactive Medical Productions, Hampton, NH, USA). Shoulder internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), and total-rotational ROM were assessed (ICC = 0.92-94). Shoulder IR and ER PROM were obtained with the participant lying supine on a standard examination table, with the shoulder initially abducted to 90° with 0° rotation and the elbow flexed to 90° with neutral pronation/supination. In addition, Total-rotational ROM was calculated by summing the IR and ER ROMs average degrees of each shoulder.
Pectoralis Minor Length
Time frame: From October 2019 to September 2021
Digitized 2 anatomical landmarks representing the length of the pectoralis minor. These 2 points were the medial-inferior angle of the coracoid process and just lateral to the sternocostal junction of the inferior aspect of the fourth rib. Measurements of pectoralis minor muscle length was taken with tape measure (ICC = 0.96). Because of height and muscle length variability among subjects, a normalization index was developed. The pectoralis minor index (PMI) was calculated by dividing the resting muscle length measurement by the subject height and multiplying by 100.
Proprioception
Time frame: From October 2019 to September 2021
For proprioception testing, participants attempted to reproduce 45° ER angle. Participants were positioned as lying supine with arm abducted to 90°, elbow flexed at 90°. The ''Get My ROM'' digital inclinometer was used to measure the angles; the iPhone was securely attached to participants forearm using a strap with the screen facing the tester (ICC = 0.87-89). The participant was instructed to close their eyes by using an eye patch throughout testing. The arm was passively rotated to 45° ER and held in this position for 3 seconds. The participant was asked to remember this position. Following the return to neutral the participant was asked to actively return the arm back to the angle shown. The amount of degrees away from 45° was recorded.
Posterior Shoulder Tightness
Time frame: From October 2019 to September 2021
Participants were positioned supine with both shoulders flush against a standard examination table. The tester stood at the head of the examination table toward the head of the subject and positioned the test shoulder and elbow in 90 of both abduction and flexion. To measure GH horizontal adduction, The ''Get My ROM'' digital inclinometer was aligned with the ventral midline of the humerus. The angle created by the end position of the humerus with respect to 0 of horizontal adduction was then recorded as the total amount of GH horizontal adduction motion (ICC = 0.79).
2 secondary outcomes
Scapular Dyskinesis
Time frame: From October 2019 to September 2021
Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score (KJOC)
Time frame: From October 2019 to September 2021
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 4 Apr 2025.
- Results publication: PubMed 17273461Laudner KG, Stanek JM, Meister K. Assessing posterior shoulder contracture: the reliability and validity of measuring glenohumeral joint horizontal adduction. J Athl Train. 2006 Oct-Dec;41(4):375-80.
- Results publication: PubMed 12670140Kibler WB, McMullen J. Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder pain. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2003 Mar-Apr;11(2):142-51. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200303000-00008.
- Results publication: PubMed 19295960McClure P, Tate AR, Kareha S, Irwin D, Zlupko E. A clinical method for identifying scapular dyskinesis, part 1: reliability. J Athl Train. 2009 Mar-Apr;44(2):160-4. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-44.2.160.
- Results publication: PubMed 30214495Higson E, Herrington L, Butler C, Horsley I. The short-term effect of swimming training load on shoulder rotational range of motion, shoulder joint position sense and pectoralis minor length. Shoulder Elbow. 2018 Oct;10(4):285-291. doi: 10.1177/1758573218773539. Epub 2018 May 12.
- Results publication: PubMed 28641738Ager AL, Roy JS, Roos M, Belley AF, Cools A, Hebert LJ. Shoulder proprioception: How is it measured and is it reliable? A systematic review. J Hand Ther. 2017 Apr-Jun;30(2):221-231. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2017.05.003.
- Results publicationRobertson JA. F. P. Kendall and E. K. McCreary "Muscles, Testing and Function" (Third Edition). Br J Sports Med. 1984;18(1):25-.
- Results publication: PubMed 16253043Michener LA, Boardman ND, Pidcoe PE, Frith AM. Scapular muscle tests in subjects with shoulder pain and functional loss: reliability and construct validity. Phys Ther. 2005 Nov;85(11):1128-38.
- Results publicationHislop H, Avers D, Brown M. Daniels and Worthingham's muscle Testing-E-Book: Techniques of manual examination and performance testing: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.
- Results publication: PubMed 9934421Itoi E, Kido T, Sano A, Urayama M, Sato K. Which is more useful, the "full can test" or the "empty can test," in detecting the torn supraspinatus tendon? Am J Sports Med. 1999 Jan-Feb;27(1):65-8. doi: 10.1177/03635465990270011901.
- Results publication: PubMed 11845146Hayes K, Walton JR, Szomor ZL, Murrell GA. Reliability of 3 methods for assessing shoulder strength. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002 Jan-Feb;11(1):33-9. doi: 10.1067/mse.2002.119852.
- Results publication: PubMed 28844605McLaine SJ, Ginn KA, Fell JW, Bird ML. Isometric shoulder strength in young swimmers. J Sci Med Sport. 2018 Jan;21(1):35-39. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.003. Epub 2017 May 25.
- Results publication: PubMed 27813683Harput G, Guney H, Toprak U, Kaya T, Colakoglu FF, Baltaci G. Shoulder-Rotator Strength, Range of Motion, and Acromiohumeral Distance in Asymptomatic Adolescent Volleyball Attackers. J Athl Train. 2016 Sep;51(9):733-738. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.04. Epub 2016 Nov 4.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Swimming and Shoulder, run by Hacettepe University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 8 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 4 Apr 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Muscle Strength (time frame: From October 2019 to September 2021). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06909864, which also lists 25 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 4 Apr 2025.