Motor ImageryNCT07009080
The Effect of Motor Imagery on Preventing Volleyball Players During Jumping and Landing
A study testing motor imagery in people with Motor Imagery, run by Aydan Niziplioğlu at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Although the effectiveness of motor imagery in improving performance in sports is known, there is no research on its preventive role against injuries. the primary aim of this study is to investigate the effect of motor imagery on improving risk factors related to jumps and falls in volleyball players. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 15 to 25 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Motor Imagery
- What is being tested?
- motor imagery
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 30 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 9 Jun 2025to 15 Oct 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 15 to 25 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- To be between the ages of 15 and 25,
- Not have an injury that affects the player's training program
- Play regularly for a professional team.
Who cannot join
- had lower extremity injury in the last two months
- who had been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Motor Imagery is Effective in the Prevention of Landing Errors in Volleyball Players: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Although the effectiveness of motor imagery in improving performance in sports is known, there is no research on its preventive role against injuries. the primary aim of this study is to investigate the effect of motor imagery on improving risk factors related to jumps and falls in volleyball players. The secondary aim of this study is to investigate the effect of motor imagery on cortical functions.
Read the detailed description
The nature of volleyball includes serving, blocking, and/or spiking, which require players to jump frequently. This high demand on the lower extremity causes high injury rates: approximately 58.7% of all injuries involve lower extremities, among which 51.8% are non-contact injuries . The knee accounts for 58% of lower extremity injuries -15.2% of which involve ACL- while 25.9% affect the ankle, including ligament injuries, sprains, and strains . These high injury rates cause players to lose game-time, 4.49 per 1000 hours for competition and 3.43 per 1000 hours for practice hours and cause their clubs to lose money .
Most studies in the literature focused on ACL injuries and they reported numerous risk factors, such as anatomic, hormonal, biomechanical, and unanticipated. Of these biomechanical risk factors, increased anterior tibial shear force, decreased knee flexion while landing, increased knee valgus, knee and hip internal rotation, and hip adduction were reported as the most important. These joint angle errors are reported to be the cause of 47.5% of the knee injuries in volleyball during jumping and falling . Also, altered kinetics in landing are suggested to potentially increase risk for ankle recurrent injury .
Recent studies have identified core and joint stabilization, stretching, strengthening, balance, mobilization, and flexibility exercises as a pivotal factor in preventing knee injuries in volleyball . In addition to these training programs, which help promote safer landing mechanics, training proper landing is also beneficial in injury prevention both for knee injuries and for ankle injuries.
Motor imagery (MI) is a contemporary method defined as a mental simulation of an action that is not actually performed . There are multiple brain areas, mostly motor areas, accepted to be involved in MI, but there is little evidence explaining the underlying mechanisms. Especially, the prefrontal cortex, involved in executive functions, is shown to be activated during MI tasks, but their interaction are not fully defined . MI has been described as a promising technique to facilitate the learning and improvement of motor skills in sports, education, and rehabilitation areas involving physical applications. Although the effectiveness of motor imagery in improving performance and learning new motor skills in sports is known, there is no research on its preventive role against injuries. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motor imagery on improving injury-causing factors related to jumps and falls in volleyball players. The secondary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motor imagery on cortical functions.
- Conditions
- Motor Imagery
- Being tested
- motor imagery
- Keywords
- prevention, motor imagery, volleyball, sports medicine
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
motor imageryOther
The researcher will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. Following the explanation, players will seated in a comfortable armchair facing the researcher, will ask to minimize distracting thoughts, and to be as mindful as possible without speaking for five minutes, and to imagine themselves executing the correct angles during a landing.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| solo training | Experimental | Prior to the study, a video recording with the correct jump and landing kinematics, showing the correct hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles , will be recorded by the researchers. The video will be a minute long, consisting of front and side angles, and featured a professional volleyball player who won't be included in the study. Players in solo training group individually underwent the training.For standardization purposes, no questions will allowed during the training session. In the training session, players will be asked to watch the correct landing video at a slightly slower speed and contemplate the appropriate hip, knee, and ankle angles. Then, the researcher explained correct landing mechanics, while referring to the correct landing video, pointed out the common errors, and described how to correct them.The researcher then will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. Receives: Other: motor imagery |
| group training | Experimental | Prior to the study, a video recording with the correct jump and landing kinematics, showing the correct hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles, will be recorded by the researchers. The video will be a minute long, consisting of front and side angles, and featured a professional volleyball player who will not included in the study. Players in the GT group underwent the training as a group in a quiet, climate-controlled room. For standardization purposes, no questions were allowed during the training session. In the training session, players were asked to watch the correct landing video at a slightly slower speed and contemplate the appropriate hip, knee, and ankle angles. Then, the researcher explained correct landing mechanics, while referring to the correct landing video, pointed out the common errors, and described how to correct them.The researcher then will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. Receives: Other: motor imagery |
| control training | No intervention | Players only participate in evaluations |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Hip Flexion During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Unilateral measurements were used. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value.
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Knee Flexion During Initial Contact.Baseline and 12 Weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Unilateral measurement was used. During video recording, the athletes turned to their left side, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. This was calculated by subtracting the baseline value from the value at week 12.
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Right Knee Varus Degree During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle.
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Left Knee Varus Degree During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle.
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Ankle Flexion During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Ankle flexion analysis was performed using unilateral measurements. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from baseline. Baseline and 12-week values were used. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the change.
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Hip Flexion During Full Contact.Baseline and 12 Weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. unilateral measurements were used. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the change.
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Knee Flexion During Full Contact. Beselina and 12 Weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Unilateral measurement was used in the knee flexion analysis. During video recording, athletes turned to their left side and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the 12-week value.
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Right Knee Varus Degree During Full Contact: Baseline and 12. Weeks.
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle.
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Left Knee Varus Degree During Full Contact. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle.
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Ankle Flexion During Full Contact. Baseline and 12. Weeks.
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Ankle flexion analysis was performed using unilateral measurements. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from baseline. Baseline and 12-week values were used. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the change.
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Secondary outcomes (16)
Change in Cognitive Functions - Neurocognition Index. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). Neurcognition index is calculated by average of all sub-scores. A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis.
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Composite Memory. Beseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Verbal Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Visual Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Psychomotor Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Reaction Time. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Complex Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Cognitive Flexibility. Baseline and 12. Weeks.
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Processing Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Executive Function. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Social Acuity. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Reasoning. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Working Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Sustained Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Simple Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Motor Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks
The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm
Measured: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted6 Jun 2025
- Study start9 Jun 2025
- Primary completion9 Oct 2025
- Study completion15 Oct 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (15)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Motor ImageryStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- randomized controlled
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Aydan Niziplioğlu
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, Aydan Niziplioğlu, Hacettepe University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07009080
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- sportsMI
- Status last verified
- Aug 2026
- First submitted
- 27 May 2025
- Last updated
- 25 Aug 2026
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Local regulations do not allow us to share participant information.
Publications
Prasomsri J, Thueman B, Yuenyong P, Thongnoon C, Khophongphaibun N, Ariyawatcharin S. Effectiveness of motor imagery on sports performance in football players: A randomised control trial. Hong Kong Physiother J. 2024 Jun;44(1):29-37. doi: 10.1142/S1013702524500021. Epub 2023 Aug 25.
PubMed 38577393Deng N, Soh KG, Abdullah BB, Huang D. Does Motor Imagery Training Improve Service Performance in Tennis Players? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Behav Sci (Basel). 2024 Mar 5;14(3):207. doi: 10.3390/bs14030207.
PubMed 38540510Ridderinkhof KR, Brass M. How Kinesthetic Motor Imagery works: a predictive-processing theory of visualization in sports and motor expertise. J Physiol Paris. 2015 Feb-Jun;109(1-3):53-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2015.02.003. Epub 2015 Mar 25.
PubMed 25817985Kotegawa K, Teramoto W. Association of executive function capacity with gait motor imagery ability and PFC activity: An fNIRS study. Neurosci Lett. 2022 Jan 1;766:136350. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136350. Epub 2021 Nov 13.
PubMed 34785311Zhang LL, Pi YL, Shen C, Zhu H, Li XP, Ni Z, Zhang J, Wu Y. Expertise-Level-Dependent Functionally Plastic Changes During Motor Imagery in Basketball Players. Neuroscience. 2018 Jun 1;380:78-89. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.050. Epub 2018 Apr 7.
PubMed 29634999Ruffino C, Papaxanthis C, Lebon F. Neural plasticity during motor learning with motor imagery practice: Review and perspectives. Neuroscience. 2017 Jan 26;341:61-78. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.023. Epub 2016 Nov 25.
PubMed 27890831Canepa P, Sbragi A, Saino F, Biggio M, Bove M, Bisio A. Thinking Before Doing: A Pilot Study on the Application of Motor Imagery as a Learning Method During Physical Education Lesson in High School. Front Sports Act Living. 2020 Oct 6;2:550744. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2020.550744. eCollection 2020.
PubMed 33345114Neilson V, Ward S, Hume P, Lewis G, McDaid A. Effects of augmented feedback on training jump landing tasks for ACL injury prevention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport. 2019 Sep;39:126-135. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.07.004. Epub 2019 Jul 19.
PubMed 31351340Ghaderi M, Letafatkar A, Thomas AC, Keyhani S. Effects of a neuromuscular training program using external focus attention cues in male athletes with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2021 May 8;13(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s13102-021-00275-3.
PubMed 33964961Milic V, Radenkovic O, Capric I, Mekic R, Trajkovic N, Spirtovic O, Konicanin A, Bratic M, Mujanovic R, Preljevic A, Muric B, Kahrovic I. Sports Injuries in Basketball, Handball, and Volleyball Players: Systematic Review. Life (Basel). 2025 Mar 24;15(4):529. doi: 10.3390/life15040529.
PubMed 40283084Kilic O, Maas M, Verhagen E, Zwerver J, Gouttebarge V. Incidence, aetiology and prevention of musculoskeletal injuries in volleyball: A systematic review of the literature. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017 Jul;17(6):765-793. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1306114. Epub 2017 Apr 9.
PubMed 28391750Wu CK, Lin YC, Lai CP, Wang HP, Hsieh TH. Dynamic Taping Improves Landing Biomechanics in Young Volleyball Athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 21;19(20):13716. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013716.
PubMed 36294294McGuine TA, Post EG, Biese KM, Kliethermes S, Bell DR, Watson AM, Brooks A, Lang PJ. Incidence and Risk Factors for Injuries in Girls' High School Volleyball: A Study of 2072 Players. J Athl Train. 2023 Feb;58(2):177-184. doi: 10.4085/182-20. Epub 2020 Nov 5.
PubMed 33150377Skazalski C, Whiteley R, Sattler T, Kozamernik T, Bahr R. Knee, Low Back, and Shoulder Problems Among University and Professional Volleyball Players: Playing With Pain. J Athl Train. 2024 Jan 1;59(1):81-89. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-0476.22.
PubMed 36913632Reeser JC, Gregory A, Berg RL, Comstock RD. A Comparison of Women's Collegiate and Girls' High School Volleyball Injury Data Collected Prospectively Over a 4-Year Period. Sports Health. 2015 Nov-Dec;7(6):504-10. doi: 10.1177/1941738115600143. Epub 2015 Aug 10.
PubMed 26502443
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 25 Aug 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Motor Imagery is Effective in the Prevention of Landing Errors in Volleyball Players: a Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07009080
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- sportsMI
- Conditions
- Motor Imagery
- Keywords
- prevention, motor imagery, volleyball, sports medicine
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Aydan NiziplioğluUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 9 Jun 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 9 Oct 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Oct 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 6 Jun 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 29 Apr 2026
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Although the effectiveness of motor imagery in improving performance in sports is known, there is no research on its preventive role against injuries. the primary aim of this study is to investigate the effect of motor imagery on improving risk factors related to jumps and falls in volleyball players. The secondary aim of this study is to investigate the effect of motor imagery on cortical functions.
Detailed description
The nature of volleyball includes serving, blocking, and/or spiking, which require players to jump frequently. This high demand on the lower extremity causes high injury rates: approximately 58.7% of all injuries involve lower extremities, among which 51.8% are non-contact injuries . The knee accounts for 58% of lower extremity injuries -15.2% of which involve ACL- while 25.9% affect the ankle, including ligament injuries, sprains, and strains . These high injury rates cause players to lose game-time, 4.49 per 1000 hours for competition and 3.43 per 1000 hours for practice hours and cause their clubs to lose money .
Most studies in the literature focused on ACL injuries and they reported numerous risk factors, such as anatomic, hormonal, biomechanical, and unanticipated. Of these biomechanical risk factors, increased anterior tibial shear force, decreased knee flexion while landing, increased knee valgus, knee and hip internal rotation, and hip adduction were reported as the most important. These joint angle errors are reported to be the cause of 47.5% of the knee injuries in volleyball during jumping and falling . Also, altered kinetics in landing are suggested to potentially increase risk for ankle recurrent injury .
Recent studies have identified core and joint stabilization, stretching, strengthening, balance, mobilization, and flexibility exercises as a pivotal factor in preventing knee injuries in volleyball . In addition to these training programs, which help promote safer landing mechanics, training proper landing is also beneficial in injury prevention both for knee injuries and for ankle injuries.
Motor imagery (MI) is a contemporary method defined as a mental simulation of an action that is not actually performed . There are multiple brain areas, mostly motor areas, accepted to be involved in MI, but there is little evidence explaining the underlying mechanisms. Especially, the prefrontal cortex, involved in executive functions, is shown to be activated during MI tasks, but their interaction are not fully defined . MI has been described as a promising technique to facilitate the learning and improvement of motor skills in sports, education, and rehabilitation areas involving physical applications. Although the effectiveness of motor imagery in improving performance and learning new motor skills in sports is known, there is no research on its preventive role against injuries. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motor imagery on improving injury-causing factors related to jumps and falls in volleyball players. The secondary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motor imagery on cortical functions.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 3
- Model description
- randomized controlled
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| solo training | Experimental | Other: motor imageryPrior to the study, a video recording with the correct jump and landing kinematics, showing the correct hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles , will be recorded by the researchers. The video will be a minute long, consisting of front and side angles, and featured a professional volleyball player who won't be included in the study. Players in solo training group individually underwent the training.For standardization purposes, no questions will allowed during the training session. In the training session, players will be asked to watch the correct landing video at a slightly slower speed and contemplate the appropriate hip, knee, and ankle angles. Then, the researcher explained correct landing mechanics, while referring to the correct landing video, pointed out the common errors, and described how to correct them.The researcher then will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. |
| group training | Experimental | Other: motor imageryPrior to the study, a video recording with the correct jump and landing kinematics, showing the correct hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles, will be recorded by the researchers. The video will be a minute long, consisting of front and side angles, and featured a professional volleyball player who will not included in the study. Players in the GT group underwent the training as a group in a quiet, climate-controlled room. For standardization purposes, no questions were allowed during the training session. In the training session, players were asked to watch the correct landing video at a slightly slower speed and contemplate the appropriate hip, knee, and ankle angles. Then, the researcher explained correct landing mechanics, while referring to the correct landing video, pointed out the common errors, and described how to correct them.The researcher then will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. |
| control training | No intervention | –Players only participate in evaluations |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 15 to 25 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- To be between the ages of 15 and 25,
- Not have an injury that affects the player's training program
- Play regularly for a professional team.
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- had lower extremity injury in the last two months
- who had been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| motor imageryThe researcher will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. Following the explanation, players will seated in a comfortable armchair facing the researcher, will ask to minimize distracting thoughts, and to be as mindful as possible without speaking for five minutes, and to imagine themselves executing the correct angles during a landing. | Other | group training, solo training |
Primary outcome
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Hip Flexion During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Unilateral measurements were used. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value.
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Knee Flexion During Initial Contact.Baseline and 12 Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Unilateral measurement was used. During video recording, the athletes turned to their left side, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. This was calculated by subtracting the baseline value from the value at week 12.
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Right Knee Varus Degree During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle.
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Left Knee Varus Degree During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle.
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Ankle Flexion During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Ankle flexion analysis was performed using unilateral measurements. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from baseline. Baseline and 12-week values were used. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the change.
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Hip Flexion During Full Contact.Baseline and 12 Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. unilateral measurements were used. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the change.
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Knee Flexion During Full Contact. Beselina and 12 Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Unilateral measurement was used in the knee flexion analysis. During video recording, athletes turned to their left side and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the 12-week value.
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Right Knee Varus Degree During Full Contact: Baseline and 12. Weeks.
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle.
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Left Knee Varus Degree During Full Contact. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle.
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Ankle Flexion During Full Contact. Baseline and 12. Weeks.
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Ankle flexion analysis was performed using unilateral measurements. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from baseline. Baseline and 12-week values were used. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the change.
16 secondary outcomes
Change in Cognitive Functions - Neurocognition Index. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Composite Memory. Beseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Verbal Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Visual Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Psychomotor Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Reaction Time. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Complex Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Cognitive Flexibility. Baseline and 12. Weeks.
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Processing Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Executive Function. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Social Acuity. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Reasoning. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Working Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Sustained Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Simple Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Change in Cognitive Functions - Motor Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks
Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 25 Aug 2026.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Results publication: PubMed 38577393Prasomsri J, Thueman B, Yuenyong P, Thongnoon C, Khophongphaibun N, Ariyawatcharin S. Effectiveness of motor imagery on sports performance in football players: A randomised control trial. Hong Kong Physiother J. 2024 Jun;44(1):29-37. doi: 10.1142/S1013702524500021. Epub 2023 Aug 25.
- Results publication: PubMed 38540510Deng N, Soh KG, Abdullah BB, Huang D. Does Motor Imagery Training Improve Service Performance in Tennis Players? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Behav Sci (Basel). 2024 Mar 5;14(3):207. doi: 10.3390/bs14030207.
- Results publication: PubMed 25817985Ridderinkhof KR, Brass M. How Kinesthetic Motor Imagery works: a predictive-processing theory of visualization in sports and motor expertise. J Physiol Paris. 2015 Feb-Jun;109(1-3):53-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2015.02.003. Epub 2015 Mar 25.
- Results publication: PubMed 34785311Kotegawa K, Teramoto W. Association of executive function capacity with gait motor imagery ability and PFC activity: An fNIRS study. Neurosci Lett. 2022 Jan 1;766:136350. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136350. Epub 2021 Nov 13.
- Results publication: PubMed 29634999Zhang LL, Pi YL, Shen C, Zhu H, Li XP, Ni Z, Zhang J, Wu Y. Expertise-Level-Dependent Functionally Plastic Changes During Motor Imagery in Basketball Players. Neuroscience. 2018 Jun 1;380:78-89. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.050. Epub 2018 Apr 7.
- Results publication: PubMed 27890831Ruffino C, Papaxanthis C, Lebon F. Neural plasticity during motor learning with motor imagery practice: Review and perspectives. Neuroscience. 2017 Jan 26;341:61-78. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.023. Epub 2016 Nov 25.
- Results publication: PubMed 33345114Canepa P, Sbragi A, Saino F, Biggio M, Bove M, Bisio A. Thinking Before Doing: A Pilot Study on the Application of Motor Imagery as a Learning Method During Physical Education Lesson in High School. Front Sports Act Living. 2020 Oct 6;2:550744. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2020.550744. eCollection 2020.
- Results publication: PubMed 31351340Neilson V, Ward S, Hume P, Lewis G, McDaid A. Effects of augmented feedback on training jump landing tasks for ACL injury prevention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport. 2019 Sep;39:126-135. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.07.004. Epub 2019 Jul 19.
- Results publication: PubMed 33964961Ghaderi M, Letafatkar A, Thomas AC, Keyhani S. Effects of a neuromuscular training program using external focus attention cues in male athletes with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2021 May 8;13(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s13102-021-00275-3.
- Results publication: PubMed 40283084Milic V, Radenkovic O, Capric I, Mekic R, Trajkovic N, Spirtovic O, Konicanin A, Bratic M, Mujanovic R, Preljevic A, Muric B, Kahrovic I. Sports Injuries in Basketball, Handball, and Volleyball Players: Systematic Review. Life (Basel). 2025 Mar 24;15(4):529. doi: 10.3390/life15040529.
- Results publication: PubMed 28391750Kilic O, Maas M, Verhagen E, Zwerver J, Gouttebarge V. Incidence, aetiology and prevention of musculoskeletal injuries in volleyball: A systematic review of the literature. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017 Jul;17(6):765-793. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1306114. Epub 2017 Apr 9.
- Results publication: PubMed 36294294Wu CK, Lin YC, Lai CP, Wang HP, Hsieh TH. Dynamic Taping Improves Landing Biomechanics in Young Volleyball Athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 21;19(20):13716. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013716.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Local regulations do not allow us to share participant information.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing motor imagery in people with Motor Imagery, run by Aydan Niziplioğlu at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 25 Aug 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 29 Apr 2026). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Kinematic Analysis: Change in Hip Flexion During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks (time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks). The study lists 10 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07009080, which also lists 15 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 25 Aug 2026.