Breathing, MouthNCT07066384
Comparison of Breathing Yoga and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques After Transplantation
A study testing breathing yoga and PMRTs-Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques in people with Breathing, Mouth and Muscle Relaxation, run by Bitlis Eren University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The study aims to compare the effectiveness of breathing yoga and progressive muscle relaxation techniques in relieving pain, respiratory complications and kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients. H1-0: Breathing yoga has no effect in reducing pain in liver transplant recipients. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Breathing, Mouth, Muscle Relaxation, Pain, Postoperative
- What is being tested?
- breathing yoga and PMRTs-Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 125 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 10 Mar 2025to 30 Oct 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Successful liver transplantation,
- Considered to be discharged after liver transplantation,
- Being 18 years old or older,
- No communication or language barriers,
- Agreeing to do PMRTs,
- Agreeing to do breathing yoga
Who cannot join
- Having any auditory or mental problems,
- Wanting to leave the study,
- Having difficulty/unable to do PMRTs,
- Having any joint-knee and orthopedic disorders,
- Having difficulty/unable to do breathing yoga.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Comparison of the Effectiveness of Breathing Yoga and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques in Relieving Pain, Respiratory Complications and Kinesiophobia in Post-Liver Transplant Recipients
The study aims to compare the effectiveness of breathing yoga and progressive muscle relaxation techniques in relieving pain, respiratory complications and kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
H1-0: Breathing yoga has no effect in reducing pain in liver transplant recipients.
Read more
H1-1: Breathing yoga has an effect in reducing pain in liver transplant recipients.
H2-0: Breathing yoga has no effect in reducing respiratory complications in liver transplant recipients.
H2-1: Breathing yoga has an effect in reducing respiratory complications in liver transplant recipients.
H3-0: Breathing yoga has no effect in relieving kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
H3-1: Breathing yoga has an effect in relieving kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
H4-0: PMRTs has no effect in reducing pain in liver transplant recipients.
H4-1: PMRTs have an effect on reducing pain in liver transplant recipients.
H5-0: PMRTs have no effect on reducing respiratory complications in liver transplant recipients.
H5-1: PMRTs have an effect on reducing respiratory complications in liver transplant recipients.
H6-0: PMRTs have no effect on relieving kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
H6-1: PMRTs have an effect on relieving kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
Read the detailed description
Experimental group (Breathing Yoga):
Data collection tools (patient introduction form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa kinesiophobia scale) will be applied before the yoga breathing exercises intervention. Patients will be shown how to practice breathing yoga, and then they will be asked to do it. The stages of breathing yoga are as follows:
Yoga Breathing Exercises:
- Sama Vritti or "Equal Breathing":
- Abdominal Breathing Techniques:
- Nadi Shodhana or "Alternating Breathing":
- Kapalabhati or "Skull Shining Breath":
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation:
- Guided Visualization:
Patients will be given breathing yoga brochures. After discharge, patients will be asked to do breathing yoga once every 8 hours (3 times a day) for 3 months. Patients will be contacted by phone. For the application of the exercises, complications related to the disease, etc. After three months, patients will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data.
Experimental Group (Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques-PMRTs):
Data collection tools (patient identification form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa Kinesiophobia scale) will be applied before the progressive muscle relaxation exercise intervention. Progressive muscle relaxation exercises will be demonstrated to patients in practice, and then they will be asked to do them. PMRTs stages are as follows:
The patient is placed in a semi-sitting/lying position in bed. While the patient is breathing in and out, 11 different muscle group tightening/releasing exercises are performed. PMRTs are performed by the researchers for 15-20 minutes on the patients. After PMRTs, patients are rested in a quiet and calm patient room.
PMRTs brochures will be given to the patients. After the patients are discharged, they will be asked to perform PMRTs once every 8 hours (3 times a day) for 3 months. Patients will be contacted by phone. For the implementation of the exercises, complications related to the disease, etc. After three months, the patients will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, the scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data.
Control group:
Data collection tools (patient identification form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa kinesiophobia scale) will be applied to the patients in the control group as part of the pretest. Patients with questions will be allowed to direct their questions to the researchers. After these questions are answered, no intervention will be made to the control group and the patients in the control group will not be contacted at any time for the next three months. After three months, the patients in the control group will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, the scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data. After the data collection process is completed, breathing yoga and progressive muscle relaxation exercises will be demonstrated to the control group patients if they wish. It will be supported with brochures. Patients will be informed that they can contact the researchers by phone for information/support regarding the applications.
- Being tested
- breathing yoga, PMRTs-Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques
- Keywords
- kinesiophobia, pain, breathing complications, breathing yoga, PMRTs
- Medical subject headings
- Mouth Breathing, Pain, Postoperative, Kinesiophobia, Pain
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
breathing yogaOther
Yoga Breathing Exercises:
- Sama Vritti or "Equal Breathing":
- Abdominal Breathing Techniques:
- Nadi Shodhana or "Alternating Breathing":
- Kapalabhati or "Skull Shining Breath":
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation:
- Guided Visualization:
PMRTs-Progressive Muscle Relaxation TechniquesOther
While patients are breathing in and out, tightening and releasing exercises are applied to 11 different muscle groups. It is applied for 15-20 minutes.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| ıntervention group 1 (breathing yoga) | Experimental | Experimental group (Breathing Yoga):
Data collection tools (patient introduction form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa kinesiophobia scale) will be applied before the yoga breathing exercises intervention. Patients will be shown how to practice breathing yoga, and then they will be asked to do it. Breathing yoga consists of 6 stages.
Patients will be given breathing yoga brochures. After discharge, patients will be asked to do breathing yoga once every 8 hours (3 times a day) for 3 months. Patients will be contacted by phone. For the application of the exercises, complications related to the disease, etc. After three months, patients will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data. Receives: Other: breathing yoga |
| ıntervention group 2 (PMRTs) | Experimental | Experimental Group (Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques-PMRTs):
Data collection tools (patient identification form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa Kinesiophobia scale) will be applied before the progressive muscle relaxation exercise intervention. Progressive muscle relaxation exercises will be demonstrated to patients in practice, and then they will be asked to do them. PMRTs are applied to 11 different muscle groups.
PMRTs brochures will be given to the patients. After the patients are discharged, they will be asked to perform PMRTs once every 8 hours (3 times a day) for 3 months. Patients will be contacted by phone. For the implementation of the exercises, complications related to the disease, etc. After three months, the patients will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, the scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data. Receives: Other: PMRTs-Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques |
| control group | No intervention | Data collection tools (patient identification form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa kinesiophobia scale) will be applied to the patients in the control group as part of the pretest. Patients with questions will be allowed to direct their questions to the researchers. After these questions are answered, no intervention will be made to the control group and the patients in the control group will not be contacted at any time for the next three months. After three months, the patients in the control group will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, the scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
pain level
Numerical Rating Scale (NRS):
This scale, which is intended to determine the severity of pain, aims to have the patient describe their pain with numbers. In the form, 0 points are evaluated as "no pain", 1-3 points as "mild pain", 4-6 points as "moderate pain", and 7 and above points as "severe pain".
Measured: Discharged patients will be asked to perform breathing yoga/PMRT every 8 hours (three times a day) for three months. Posttest data will be collected at the end of the three months.
Secondary outcomes (1)
Kinesiophobia level
Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TKS):
TKS is a 17-question questionnaire that has been validated and reliable in Turkish and is used to determine the presence of kinesiophobia. A 4-point Likert scoring system is used for each question in the scale. As a result of the survey, the person receives a total score between 17-68 according to the answers they give. A high score on the scale indicates that the person has high kinesiophobia.
Measured: Discharged patients will be asked to perform breathing yoga/PMRT every 8 hours (three times a day) for three months. Posttest data will be collected at the end of the three months.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted15 Jul 2025
- Study start10 Mar 2025
- Primary completion10 Sep 2025
- Study completion30 Oct 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Breathing, MouthStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- It will be conducted as a randomized controlled experimental study in a pretestpost- test control group experimental model.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 125 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Bitlis Eren University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Serafettin Okutan, Bitlis Eren University
- Investigators
- Şerafettin OKUTAN, PhD., Principal investigator, Bitlis Eren University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07066384
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- okutan9
- Status last verified
- Feb 2026
- First submitted
- 3 Apr 2025
- Last updated
- 25 Feb 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 25 Feb 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Comparison of the Effectiveness of Breathing Yoga and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques in Relieving Pain, Respiratory Complications and Kinesiophobia in Post-Liver Transplant Recipients
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07066384
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- okutan9
- Keywords
- kinesiophobia, pain, breathing complications, breathing yoga, PMRTs
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 125 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Bitlis Eren UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 10 Mar 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 10 Sep 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Oct 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 15 Jul 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The study aims to compare the effectiveness of breathing yoga and progressive muscle relaxation techniques in relieving pain, respiratory complications and kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
H1-0: Breathing yoga has no effect in reducing pain in liver transplant recipients.
H1-1: Breathing yoga has an effect in reducing pain in liver transplant recipients.
H2-0: Breathing yoga has no effect in reducing respiratory complications in liver transplant recipients.
H2-1: Breathing yoga has an effect in reducing respiratory complications in liver transplant recipients.
H3-0: Breathing yoga has no effect in relieving kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
H3-1: Breathing yoga has an effect in relieving kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
H4-0: PMRTs has no effect in reducing pain in liver transplant recipients.
H4-1: PMRTs have an effect on reducing pain in liver transplant recipients.
H5-0: PMRTs have no effect on reducing respiratory complications in liver transplant recipients.
H5-1: PMRTs have an effect on reducing respiratory complications in liver transplant recipients.
H6-0: PMRTs have no effect on relieving kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
H6-1: PMRTs have an effect on relieving kinesiophobia in liver transplant recipients.
Detailed description
Experimental group (Breathing Yoga):
Data collection tools (patient introduction form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa kinesiophobia scale) will be applied before the yoga breathing exercises intervention. Patients will be shown how to practice breathing yoga, and then they will be asked to do it. The stages of breathing yoga are as follows:
Yoga Breathing Exercises:
- Sama Vritti or "Equal Breathing":
- Abdominal Breathing Techniques:
- Nadi Shodhana or "Alternating Breathing":
- Kapalabhati or "Skull Shining Breath":
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation:
- Guided Visualization:
Patients will be given breathing yoga brochures. After discharge, patients will be asked to do breathing yoga once every 8 hours (3 times a day) for 3 months. Patients will be contacted by phone. For the application of the exercises, complications related to the disease, etc. After three months, patients will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data.
Experimental Group (Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques-PMRTs):
Data collection tools (patient identification form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa Kinesiophobia scale) will be applied before the progressive muscle relaxation exercise intervention. Progressive muscle relaxation exercises will be demonstrated to patients in practice, and then they will be asked to do them. PMRTs stages are as follows:
The patient is placed in a semi-sitting/lying position in bed. While the patient is breathing in and out, 11 different muscle group tightening/releasing exercises are performed. PMRTs are performed by the researchers for 15-20 minutes on the patients. After PMRTs, patients are rested in a quiet and calm patient room.
PMRTs brochures will be given to the patients. After the patients are discharged, they will be asked to perform PMRTs once every 8 hours (3 times a day) for 3 months. Patients will be contacted by phone. For the implementation of the exercises, complications related to the disease, etc. After three months, the patients will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, the scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data.
Control group:
Data collection tools (patient identification form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa kinesiophobia scale) will be applied to the patients in the control group as part of the pretest. Patients with questions will be allowed to direct their questions to the researchers. After these questions are answered, no intervention will be made to the control group and the patients in the control group will not be contacted at any time for the next three months. After three months, the patients in the control group will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, the scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data. After the data collection process is completed, breathing yoga and progressive muscle relaxation exercises will be demonstrated to the control group patients if they wish. It will be supported with brochures. Patients will be informed that they can contact the researchers by phone for information/support regarding the applications.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
- Model description
- It will be conducted as a randomized controlled experimental study in a pretestpost- test control group experimental model.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| ıntervention group 1 (breathing yoga) | Experimental | Other: breathing yogaExperimental group (Breathing Yoga): Data collection tools (patient introduction form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa kinesiophobia scale) will be applied before the yoga breathing exercises intervention. Patients will be shown how to practice breathing yoga, and then they will be asked to do it. Breathing yoga consists of 6 stages. Patients will be given breathing yoga brochures. After discharge, patients will be asked to do breathing yoga once every 8 hours (3 times a day) for 3 months. Patients will be contacted by phone. For the application of the exercises, complications related to the disease, etc. After three months, patients will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data. |
| ıntervention group 2 (PMRTs) | Experimental | Other: PMRTs-Progressive Muscle Relaxation TechniquesExperimental Group (Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques-PMRTs): Data collection tools (patient identification form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa Kinesiophobia scale) will be applied before the progressive muscle relaxation exercise intervention. Progressive muscle relaxation exercises will be demonstrated to patients in practice, and then they will be asked to do them. PMRTs are applied to 11 different muscle groups. PMRTs brochures will be given to the patients. After the patients are discharged, they will be asked to perform PMRTs once every 8 hours (3 times a day) for 3 months. Patients will be contacted by phone. For the implementation of the exercises, complications related to the disease, etc. After three months, the patients will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, the scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data. |
| control group | No intervention | –Data collection tools (patient identification form, numerical rating scale, respiratory complications form, Tampa kinesiophobia scale) will be applied to the patients in the control group as part of the pretest. Patients with questions will be allowed to direct their questions to the researchers. After these questions are answered, no intervention will be made to the control group and the patients in the control group will not be contacted at any time for the next three months. After three months, the patients in the control group will be invited to the outpatient clinic and during these outpatient clinic visits, the scales and forms will be applied to these patients once again to collect posttest data. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Successful liver transplantation,
- Considered to be discharged after liver transplantation,
- Being 18 years old or older,
- No communication or language barriers,
- Agreeing to do PMRTs,
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Having any auditory or mental problems,
- Wanting to leave the study,
- Having difficulty/unable to do PMRTs,
- Having any joint-knee and orthopedic disorders,
- Having difficulty/unable to do breathing yoga.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| breathing yogaYoga Breathing Exercises: 1. Sama Vritti or "Equal Breathing": 2. Abdominal Breathing Techniques: 3. Nadi Shodhana or "Alternating Breathing": 4. Kapalabhati or "Skull Shining Breath": 5. Progressive Muscle Relaxation: 6. Guided Visualization: | Other | ıntervention group 1 (breathing yoga) |
| PMRTs-Progressive Muscle Relaxation TechniquesWhile patients are breathing in and out, tightening and releasing exercises are applied to 11 different muscle groups. It is applied for 15-20 minutes. | Other | ıntervention group 2 (PMRTs) |
Primary outcome
pain level
Time frame: Discharged patients will be asked to perform breathing yoga/PMRT every 8 hours (three times a day) for three months. Posttest data will be collected at the end of the three months.
Numerical Rating Scale (NRS): This scale, which is intended to determine the severity of pain, aims to have the patient describe their pain with numbers. In the form, 0 points are evaluated as "no pain", 1-3 points as "mild pain", 4-6 points as "moderate pain", and 7 and above points as "severe pain".
1 secondary outcome
Kinesiophobia level
Time frame: Discharged patients will be asked to perform breathing yoga/PMRT every 8 hours (three times a day) for three months. Posttest data will be collected at the end of the three months.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 25 Feb 2026.
Related trials for Breathing, Mouth
Not yet recruitingPhase 4
Novel Method for Removal of Orally Deposited Inhaled Fluticasone Propionate
Asthma
RecruitingPhase 2
Oral Sildenafil for Exercise Capacity, Dyspnea and Cardiopulmonary Function in COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Recruiting
Pharyngeal Mucosal Conditioning to Prevent Postoperative Sore Throat in Septoplasty Patients With Severe Nasal Obstruction
Postoperative Sore Throat, Nasal Obstruction
Recruiting
The Effects of Successful OSA Treatment on Memory and AD Biomarkers in Older Adults Study
Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Cognitive Decline
RecruitingObservational study
Effects of Surgery on Oral Frailty and Dysphagia in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea
OSA - Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Dysphagia
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Şerafettin OKUTAN, PhD. principal investigator
Bitlis Eren University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing breathing yoga and PMRTs-Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques in people with Breathing, Mouth and Muscle Relaxation, run by Bitlis Eren University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 25 Feb 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
pain level (time frame: Discharged patients will be asked to perform breathing yoga/PMRT every 8 hours (three times a day) for three months. Posttest data will be collected at the end of the three months.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 25 Feb 2026.