Dose-response Effect of Community Dance Programme

This is a 9 point-scale which assesses the degree of frailty based on a visual chart which aids trained assessors to evaluate frailty. This scale depends on individual clinical judgement assess if the patient can independently perform tasks such as bathing, dressing, housework, going upstairs, going out alone, going shopping, taking care of finances, taking medications, and preparing meals. The higher the number, the more frail the individual. It is a tool that has been validated and widely used in local clinical and community settings.

This is an 11-item questionnaire that examines nine domains of frailty (i.e., cognition, general health status, functional independence, social support, medication use, nutrition, mood, continence, and functioning performance). The scores range from 0 to 17, with higher scores indicating higher levels of frailty. The scores can be categorized into five levels of frailty, namely: fit (0-3), vulnerable (4-5), mild frailty (6-7), Moderate frailty (8-9) and severe frailty (≥10).

This instrument has been utilised and validated in a local tertiary hospital, with high acceptability and low inter-rater variability

The oral frailty scale comprises 6 items, including number of teeth, difficulty in swallowing, difficulty in chewing, difficulty in articulatory oral motor, dry mouth, and oral pain, and is assessed using a yes or no question. The correlations ranged from 0.40 to 0.66 when correlating each item with the total score of the scale. Using frailty and sarcopenia as criteria, the area under the curve for the SOFT was 0.71. The optimal cutoff for the SOFT was 2,

MOXY (Moxy, Fortiori Design LLC, Minnesota, USA) is a non-invasive small wearable portable device that measures muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) [38]. MOXY measures oxygen levels in the muscles of participants during exercise. Saliva sampling and MOXY oxygen monitoring are non-invasive procedures.

DNA methylation analysis will be conducted on the saliva samples collected from the older adults to examine the DNA methylation patterns at specific DNA sites to detect epigenetic clocks that change with age.

The Revised Global Perceptions of Intergenerational Communication scale measures both inter and intra intergenerational communication based on four domains, namely: accommodation, non-accommodation, respect/obligation and avoidant communication. The revised GPIC scale has shown cronbach alpha score of 0.7 for the older participants for the respect-obligation factor and higher cronbach alpha scores of 0.79 and 0.77 for in group and out group respectively for the accommodation factor and 0.79 and 0.75 for the in-group and out-group respectively for the non-accommodation score. This indicates a high reliability for the tool.

Using a "subjectivist" approach to the assessment of happiness, a 4-item measure of global subjective happiness was developed and validated in 14 studies with a total of 2732 participants. Results indicated that the Subjective Happiness Scale has high internal consistency, which was found to be stable across samples. Test-retest and self/peer correlations suggested good to excellent reliability, and construct validation studies of convergent and discriminant validity confirmed the use of this scale to measure the construct of subjective happiness

Loneliness concerns the subjective evaluation of one's situation, characterised by either a smaller than desirable number of relationships with friends (social loneliness), or situations whereby the intimacy in confidant relationships one wishes for has not been realised (emotional loneliness) [44]. dJGLS-6 (six-item) will be used to measure social and emotional loneliness.

This scale is developed by Sarason et al. [47]. It is used to measure the number of people providing support to an individual and the satisfaction level of the individual who received the support. The scale consists of 6 items. Rating of the items is from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 6 (very satisfied). With excellent Cronbach alphas of 0.90 and 0.93 for 2 respective domains, the scale has been proved to be valid and reliable.

WHOQOL-OLD for older adults to measure the quality of life for elderly. WHOQOL-OLD contain-ing six facets (including sensory abilities; autonomy; past, present, and future activities; social participation; death and dying; and intimacy), with four items in each facet [48]. Each of the facets has four items and therefore can obtain a possible score ranging from 4 to 20. The sum of the facet scores results in an overall QOL score.

This scale contains 15 close-ended questions [42]. One point is allocated per question with the total scores below four indicating the absence of clinically depressive symptoms while scores between four and nine are indicative of mild to moderate depression. Scores of 10 or more are suggestive of a major depressive episode.