PARKINSON DISEASE (Disorder)NCT07193355
Effects of Motor Imagery Training
A study testing Mental Imagery Application Protocol in people with PARKINSON DISEASE (Disorder) and Mental Imagery, run by Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized pathologically by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and clinically by the presence of motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, resting tremor, and/or rigidity. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 40 to 75 years
- Conditions the study is for
- PARKINSON DISEASE (Disorder), Mental Imagery, Gait Balance
- What is being tested?
- Mental Imagery Application Protocol
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 50 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Jul 2025to 30 Jul 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 40 to 75 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Individuals aged 40-75 diagnosed with idiopathic PD, with a Modified Hoehn \& Yahr (m-HY) scale stage ≤4, and a score of ≥22 on the Mini Mental State Examination for those with formal training and ≥18 for those without formal training;
- Individuals with no other known neurological and/or systemic disease;
- Individuals without any upper extremity contractures;
Who cannot join
- Individuals with diagnosed and/or treated psychiatric illnesses;
- Individuals who are taking neuroleptic medications or antidepressants;
- Individuals with orthopedic conditions such as severe dyskinesia, carpal tunnel syndrome, tendon injuries, and finger amputations that interfere with manual dexterity tests; rheumatological conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis; and individuals with any neurological disease other than PD.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
hatice Adiguzel tat, Associate Proffessor contact
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Kahramanmaraş Sütçü imam University
Kahramanmaraş, Onikişubat, 46100
hatice adıgüzel tat, associate professor, +903443002647, fzthatis@gmail.com
fzthatis@gmail.com
About this study
Official title: Effects of Motor Imagery Training on Kinesiophobia, Gait, and Balance in Parkinson's Disease Patients
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized pathologically by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and clinically by the presence of motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, resting tremor, and/or rigidity. Among the motor deficits frequently observed in PD, patients are known to frequently report difficulties with manual dexterity.Typical features of balance deficits in PD include decreased sway, decreased base of support, rigidity, abnormal intersegmental coordination, and postural misalignment. Related somatosensory deficits in PD include problems orienting to and processing sensory and somatosensory information.Motor imagery (MI) is the imaginal execution of motor activities or the activation of specific muscles in the absence of any explicit feedback. This area of rehabilitation has been shown to be effective in improving and developing motor skills in many neurological conditions where patients exhibit motor recognition and execution impairments. MI can be applied at all stages of recovery from PD, is highly effective in movement-related pathologies, and can be performed independently.Studies evaluating the effect of mental imagery training on balance measures in PD are limited. One study evaluating the effect of combined MI-physical therapy versus physical therapy alone group treatment noted positive trends toward balance improvements in the combined group. In a case study of a single participant with PD, a 3-month neurocognitive rehabilitation program incorporating mental imagery over 20 sessions resulted in balance improvements and a reduced risk of falls in both the "OFF" and "ON" phases, as measured by the Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment Scale.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of motor imagery training on kinesiophobia, walking and balance in patients with Parkinson's disease.
- Conditions
- PARKINSON DISEASE (Disorder), Mental Imagery, Gait Balance
- Being tested
- Mental Imagery Application Protocol
- Medical subject headings
- Parkinson Disease
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Mental Imagery Application ProtocolOther
Before the GYKO test, the patient will be asked to perform mental imagery to visualize a 3-meter distance for five cycles, and the time will be recorded. The TKYT will be administered according to standard protocols.
Mental Imagery Application Protocol:
- Awareness: The therapist will show a video of a typical normal gait for an adult male or female without pathology and compare it with a video of the patient's own gait.
- Problem Identification/Explanation In the EG, subjects will identify gait problems and compare their gait with their typical gait. They will then use the comparative information for feedback.
- Progressive Relaxation
- Mental Imagery of Gait
- Physıcal Performance Of The gait This protocol will be implemented the day after the initial assessment and will be conducted in 12 training sessions of no more than 90 minutes, three times per week for 4 weeks.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| study group | Experimental | 'Mental Imagery Application Protocol' will be applied to this group. The timed up and go test (TUG) and gyko test will be used as mental chronometry tests with the patients of parkinson diesase.Therefore, the walking mental imagery protocol will be applied to this group. Receives: Other: Mental Imagery Application Protocol |
| control group | No intervention | This group will have routin medical treatment. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Mental Chronometry with Timed up Go Test and Gyko device
Mental chronometry is a method considered more objective than questionnaires in the assessment of MI, measuring imagery time. In other words, it examines the time difference between the actual physical execution of a movement and the mental imagery of the same movement. In the calculated mental chronometry value, a value of zero indicates perfect synchrony between motor imagery and motor execution. Values above zero indicate that the task was performed faster during motor imagery than during motor execution, and values below zero indicate that the task was performed slower during motor imagery than during motor execution. Patients' actual walking times (MIT) and imagery times (MET) are recorded. The difference in time and the mental chronometry ratio are calculated, and the mental chronometry ratio is evaluated using the following formula.In our study, the timed up and go test (TUG) and the gyko test will be used as mental chronometry tests.
Measured: first day of the assessment and after the end of the treatment protocol (in the 5th week of the assessment) .
Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale
The Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TKS) is a 17-question checklist developed to measure fear of movement and re-injury. Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale (1: Strongly disagree, 4: Strongly agree). A total score is calculated by reversing items 4, 8, 12, and 16. A person receives a total score between 17 and 68. A total score of 37 points or higher indicates a high level of kinesiophobia. As a participant's score increases, so does the severity of their kinesiophobia. The use of the total score is recommended in studies. A Turkish version of the scale was developed and its reliability study was conducted in 2011.
Measured: first day of the assesment and the 5th week of the treatment protocol.
The Gyko Device
This device, manufactured by Mikrogate and manufactured in Italy, is used as a portable inertial measurement unit for motion analysis and postural stability assessment. The displacement of the center of gravity is analyzed using a computer using a sensor placed on a sling. The patient is asked to walk for 30 seconds.
Measured: baseline and the 5th week of the treatment protocol.
Secondary outcomes (5)
The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ)-short form
The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ), Short Form, was developed to determine the extent to which individuals visualize and feel the imaged movements. It consists of a total of 10 movements measuring five visual and five kinesthetic imagery skills (24). The questionnaire is not a self-report measure but is administered by an assessor. All movements were assessed in a sitting position. The assessor first performed the relevant movement on themselves and then asked the participant to perform the same movement only once. The participant then visualized the movement and rated the visual clarity or intensity of sensations on a five-point ordinal scale. Higher scores indicate greater visual clarity or intensity of sensations.
Measured: first day of the assesment and 5th week of the treatment protocol.
Modified Hoehn & Yahr (m-HY) Scale
PD disability will be assessed with the m-HY scale: stage 1.0 (unilateral involvement only); stage 1.5 (unilateral and axial involvement); stage 2.0 (bilateral involvement without balance impairment); stage 2.5 (mild bilateral disease with improvement on pull test); stage 3.0 (mild to moderate bilateral disease; some postural impairment; physically independent); stage 4.0 (severe disability; still able to walk or stand unaided). Symptom severity in PD was graded using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS): part I (mental dysfunction and mood); part II (activities of daily living); part III (motor component); part IV (treatment-related complications)
Measured: first day of the assesment and the 5th week of the treatment protocol.
sosyodemographic form
Medical history (disease duration and symptoms), demographic information will be recorded.
Measured: first day of the assesment and the 5th week of the treatment protocol.
Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)
Symptom severity in PD is rated using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Several items on this scale assess upper extremity and hand function. The Activities of Daily Living section assesses handwriting, cutting food, and grasping utensils. The Motor section assesses finger tapping, hand movements, and rapid alternating hand movements. These test items are scored from 0 to 4, with 4 representing maximum impairment and 0 representing normal movement ability. The UPDRS is comprised of subsections: Section I (mental dysfunction and mood); Section II (activities of daily living); Section III (motor); and Section IV (treatment-related complications).
Measured: first day of the assesment and the 5th week of the treatment protocol.
Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
This test was developed by Folstein in 1975. Its Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Güngen et al. in 2002. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), which is quite suitable for screening cognitive function in the elderly and assesses cognitive functions in five separate areas (orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall, and language), is frequently used. A score below 24 on the MMSE indicates dementia, 24-26 indicates mild cognitive impairment, and 26 or above indicates normal cognitive function.
Measured: first day of the assesment and the 5th week of the treatment protocol.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted25 Sep 2025
- Study start1 Jul 2025
- Primary completion15 Jul 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion30 Jul 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for PARKINSON DISEASE (Disorder)Studies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Hatice Adiguzel, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07193355
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Parkinson lower extremity
- Status last verified
- Jul 2025
- First submitted
- 12 Sep 2025
- Last updated
- 25 Sep 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 25 Sep 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Motor Imagery Training on Kinesiophobia, Gait, and Balance in Parkinson's Disease Patients
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07193355
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Parkinson lower extremity
- Conditions
- PARKINSON DISEASE (Disorder), Mental Imagery, Gait Balance
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Jul 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Jul 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 30 Jul 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 25 Sep 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized pathologically by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and clinically by the presence of motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, resting tremor, and/or rigidity. Among the motor deficits frequently observed in PD, patients are known to frequently report difficulties with manual dexterity.Typical features of balance deficits in PD include decreased sway, decreased base of support, rigidity, abnormal intersegmental coordination, and postural misalignment. Related somatosensory deficits in PD include problems orienting to and processing sensory and somatosensory information.Motor imagery (MI) is the imaginal execution of motor activities or the activation of specific muscles in the absence of any explicit feedback. This area of rehabilitation has been shown to be effective in improving and developing motor skills in many neurological conditions where patients exhibit motor recognition and execution impairments. MI can be applied at all stages of recovery from PD, is highly effective in movement-related pathologies, and can be performed independently.Studies evaluating the effect of mental imagery training on balance measures in PD are limited. One study evaluating the effect of combined MI-physical therapy versus physical therapy alone group treatment noted positive trends toward balance improvements in the combined group. In a case study of a single participant with PD, a 3-month neurocognitive rehabilitation program incorporating mental imagery over 20 sessions resulted in balance improvements and a reduced risk of falls in both the "OFF" and "ON" phases, as measured by the Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment Scale.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of motor imagery training on kinesiophobia, walking and balance in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| study group | Experimental | Other: Mental Imagery Application Protocol'Mental Imagery Application Protocol' will be applied to this group. The timed up and go test (TUG) and gyko test will be used as mental chronometry tests with the patients of parkinson diesase.Therefore, the walking mental imagery protocol will be applied to this group. |
| control group | No intervention | –This group will have routin medical treatment. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 40 to 75 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Individuals aged 40-75 diagnosed with idiopathic PD, with a Modified Hoehn \& Yahr (m-HY) scale stage ≤4, and a score of ≥22 on the Mini Mental State Examination for those with formal training and ≥18 for those without formal training;
- Individuals with no other known neurological and/or systemic disease;
- Individuals without any upper extremity contractures;
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Individuals with diagnosed and/or treated psychiatric illnesses;
- Individuals who are taking neuroleptic medications or antidepressants;
- Individuals with orthopedic conditions such as severe dyskinesia, carpal tunnel syndrome, tendon injuries, and finger amputations that interfere with manual dexterity tests; rheumatological conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis; and individuals with any neurological disease other than PD.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Mental Imagery Application ProtocolBefore the GYKO test, the patient will be asked to perform mental imagery to visualize a 3-meter distance for five cycles, and the time will be recorded. The TKYT will be administered according to standard protocols. Mental Imagery Application Protocol: 1. Awareness: The therapist will show a video of a typical normal gait for an adult male or female without pathology and compare it with a video of the patient's own gait. 2. Problem Identification/Explanation In the EG, subjects will identify gait problems and compare their gait with their typical gait. They will then use the comparative information for feedback. 3. Progressive Relaxation 4. Mental Imagery of Gait 5. Physıcal Performance Of The gait This protocol will be implemented the day after the initial assessment and will be conducted in 12 training sessions of no more than 90 minutes, three times per week for 4 weeks. | Other | study group |
Primary outcome
Mental Chronometry with Timed up Go Test and Gyko device
Time frame: first day of the assessment and after the end of the treatment protocol (in the 5th week of the assessment) .
Mental chronometry is a method considered more objective than questionnaires in the assessment of MI, measuring imagery time. In other words, it examines the time difference between the actual physical execution of a movement and the mental imagery of the same movement. In the calculated mental chronometry value, a value of zero indicates perfect synchrony between motor imagery and motor execution. Values above zero indicate that the task was performed faster during motor imagery than during motor execution, and values below zero indicate that the task was performed slower during motor imagery than during motor execution. Patients' actual walking times (MIT) and imagery times (MET) are recorded. The difference in time and the mental chronometry ratio are calculated, and the mental chronometry ratio is evaluated using the following formula.In our study, the timed up and go test (TUG) and the gyko test will be used as mental chronometry tests.
Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale
Time frame: first day of the assesment and the 5th week of the treatment protocol.
The Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TKS) is a 17-question checklist developed to measure fear of movement and re-injury. Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale (1: Strongly disagree, 4: Strongly agree). A total score is calculated by reversing items 4, 8, 12, and 16. A person receives a total score between 17 and 68. A total score of 37 points or higher indicates a high level of kinesiophobia. As a participant's score increases, so does the severity of their kinesiophobia. The use of the total score is recommended in studies. A Turkish version of the scale was developed and its reliability study was conducted in 2011.
The Gyko Device
Time frame: baseline and the 5th week of the treatment protocol.
This device, manufactured by Mikrogate and manufactured in Italy, is used as a portable inertial measurement unit for motion analysis and postural stability assessment. The displacement of the center of gravity is analyzed using a computer using a sensor placed on a sling. The patient is asked to walk for 30 seconds.
5 secondary outcomes
The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ)-short form
Time frame: first day of the assesment and 5th week of the treatment protocol.
Modified Hoehn & Yahr (m-HY) Scale
Time frame: first day of the assesment and the 5th week of the treatment protocol.
sosyodemographic form
Time frame: first day of the assesment and the 5th week of the treatment protocol.
Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)
Time frame: first day of the assesment and the 5th week of the treatment protocol.
Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Time frame: first day of the assesment and the 5th week of the treatment protocol.
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 25 Sep 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
hatice Adiguzel tat, Associate Proffessor contact
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Mental Imagery Application Protocol in people with PARKINSON DISEASE (Disorder) and Mental Imagery, run by Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 25 Sep 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact hatice adıgüzel tat, Associate Proffessor (+903443002647, fzthatis@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Mental Chronometry with Timed up Go Test and Gyko device (time frame: first day of the assessment and after the end of the treatment protocol (in the 5th week of the assessment) .). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 25 Sep 2025.