Food ChoicesNCT07214792
Perceptions of and Reactions to Sustainability Menu Label Designs
A study testing Low Sustainability Labels, Unsustainable Labels and Environmental Harm Labels in people with Food Choices, run by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The primary objective of this study is to explore perceptions and understanding of different menu label designs related to sustainability and environmental harm. Participants will be randomized to view a fast-food menu featuring one of seven labeling conditions and then will answer questions about the participant's… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Food Choices
- What is being tested?
- Low Sustainability Labels, Unsustainable Labels and Environmental Harm Labels
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 14,720 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 9 Oct 2025to 2 Nov 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- 18 years of age or older
- Member of the CloudResearch panel
- Residing in the United States
Who cannot join
- - <18 years of age
- Not residing in the United States
- Completed the survey implausibly quickly based on the distribution of the time to complete the survey among all participants
- Failed the built-in Qualtrics survey fraud detection measures
- Failed the attention check question included in the survey
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Baltimore, Maryland, 21205
About this study
Official title: Understanding Perceptions of and Reactions to Different Food Label Designs
The primary objective of this study is to explore perceptions and understanding of different menu label designs related to sustainability and environmental harm. Participants will be randomized to view a fast-food menu featuring one of seven labeling conditions and then will answer questions about the participant's reactions to and interpretations of the label, perceived label effectiveness, intention to purchase a menu item with the label, as well as perceptions of two fast-food menu items.
Read the detailed description
This survey will explore the perceptions and understanding of different hypothetical menu label designs related to sustainability and environmental harm compared to a control label The survey research firm CloudResearch will recruit a sample of ~12,400 adults aged 18 years and older who reside in the United States.
Participants will be randomized to view a fast-food online ordering menu with one of seven labeling schemes applied: (1) a QR code on all items (control); (2) Low Sustainability labels; (3) Unsustainable labels; (4) Environmental Harm labels; (5) High Environmental Harm labels; (6) High Environmental Cost labels; and (7) numeric Environmental Cost labels on all items. All fast-food menus will include a selection of main entrée items. The control QR code and numeric environmental cost labels will display labels on all menu items. All other label conditions will apply labels only to items with higher environmental impact as defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates based on the Cool Food Pledge Calculator.
Participants will be shown the menu and the label in isolation and will then be asked about interpretations of the label, reactions to the label, perceived message effectiveness (PME) of the label, how helpful the participants find the label to be, and the intention to purchase a menu item with the label. The participants will also be shown two different individual fast-food items with the label to which the participants were randomized (if applicable) in random order and asked about the perceived appeal, healthfulness, and environmental impact of the menu items.
The primary outcome in this exploratory study will be intention to purchase a hypothetical menu item with the label shown. Secondary outcomes include label interpretation, perceived label understandability, perceived label believability, perception that the label grabbed attention, perceived message effectiveness (PME) of the label, perceived helpfulness of the label, perceived level of appeal of menu items, perceived level of healthfulness of menu items, and perceived environmental impact of menu items.
- Conditions
- Food Choices
- Being tested
- Control (QR) Labels, Low Sustainability Labels, Unsustainable Labels, Environmental Harm Labels, High Environmental Harm Labels
- Keywords
- Food labeling, Sustainability, Fast Food
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Control (QR) LabelsBehavioural
Participants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. Control (QR) labels will be displayed beneath each item. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label.
Low Sustainability LabelsBehavioural
Participants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. Low Sustainability labels will be displayed beneath select items. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label.
Unsustainable LabelsBehavioural
Participants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. Unsustainable labels will be displayed beneath select items. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label.
Environmental Harm LabelsBehavioural
Participants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. Environmental Harm labels will be displayed beneath select items. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label.
High Environmental Harm LabelsBehavioural
Participants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. High Environmental Harm labels will be displayed beneath select items. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label.
High Environmental Cost LabelsBehavioural
Participants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. High Environmental Cost labels will be displayed beneath select items. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label.
Numeric Environmental Cost LabelsBehavioural
Participants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. Numeric environmental cost labels will be displayed beneath each item. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Control (QR) labels | Placebo comparator | A black label featuring a QR code and white text that reads "SCAN HERE" will be placed beneath all main menu items. Receives: Behavioral: Control (QR) Labels |
| Low Sustainability Labels | Experimental | A red icon-plus-text label that reads "LOW SUSTAINABILITY" in white text will be placed beneath menu items with a high environmental impact, defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates from the Cool Food Pledge Calculator.
Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. Receives: Behavioral: Low Sustainability Labels |
| Unsustainable Labels | Experimental | A red icon-plus-text label that reads "UNSUSTAINABLE" in white text will be placed beneath menu items with a high environmental impact, defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates from the Cool Food Pledge Calculator. Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. Receives: Behavioral: Unsustainable Labels |
| Environmental Harm Labels | Experimental | A red icon-plus-text label that reads "ENVIRONMENTAL HARM" in white text will be placed beneath menu items with a high environmental impact, defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates from the Cool Food Pledge Calculator. Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. Receives: Behavioral: Environmental Harm Labels |
| High Environmental Harm Labels | Experimental | A red icon-plus-text label that reads "HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL HARM" in white text will be placed beneath menu items with a high environmental impact, defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates from the Cool Food Pledge Calculator. Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. Receives: Behavioral: High Environmental Harm Labels |
| High Environmental Cost Labels | Experimental | A red icon-plus-text label that reads "HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL COST" in white text will be placed beneath menu items with a high environmental impact, defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates from the Cool Food Pledge Calculator. Labels will include a white triangle icon with a dollar sign directly preceding the label text. Receives: Behavioral: High Environmental Cost Labels |
| Numeric Environmental Cost Labels | Experimental | Numeric Environmental Cost labels will be placed beneath all menu items and display the estimated dollar value associated with the item's True Cost Accounting which calculates the additional cost of a commodity by accounting for environmental and social costs. The label will read "ENVIRONMENTAL COST" in white text followed by a dollar value (i.e., +$6.01). All labels have a solid red background and an icon-plus-text design. A white globe icon will precede the text. Receives: Behavioral: Numeric Environmental Cost Labels |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Intention to purchase
Intention to purchase is measured with the survey question: "How likely would you be to purchase a menu item with this label?" Response options are a 7-point Likert scale: 1=Very unlikely, 2=Unlikely, 3=Somewhat unlikely, 4=Neither likely nor unlikely, 5=Somewhat likely, 6=Likely, 7=Very likely. A higher rating is better.
Measured: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt and label image
Secondary outcomes (6)
Label interpretation
Label interpretation is assessed with a survey question: "Imagine that you are in a fast-food restaurant (such as Burger King) to order lunch. Next are questions about the label, as displayed on the menu example below. If you saw this label next to an item on the menu, what would you think the label indicates about the item? [check all that apply]". Response options provided are a range of statements about the menu item: 1="This menu item is unhealthy", 2="This menu item is healthy" 3="This menu item is good for the environment", 4="This menu item used a lot of natural resources (e.g. land, water) to produce", 5="This menu item will keep you full for a long time", 6="This menu item is bad for the environment", and 7="This menu item will cost consumers more to purchase". Also included are 8="I don't know" and 9="Other" option with open-text entry.
Measured: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt
Perceived label understandability
After viewing the label, participants will be asked how much the participant agrees or disagrees with the following statement: "This label is easy to understand". Response options are a unipolar 5-point Likert scale: 1=Not at all, 2=A little bit, 3=Somewhat, 4=Quite a bit, 5=A great deal. A higher ranking is better.
Measured: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt and label image
Perceived label believability
After viewing the label, participants will be asked how much the participant agrees or disagrees with the following statement: "This label is believable to me". Response options are a unipolar 5-point Likert scale: 1=Not at all, 2=A little bit, 3=Somewhat, 4=Quite a bit, 5=A great deal. A higher ranking is better.
Measured: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt and label image
Perception that label grabbed attention
After viewing the label, participants will be asked how much the participant agrees or disagrees with the following statement: "This label grabs my attention". Response options are a unipolar 5-point Likert scale: 1=Not at all, 2=A little bit, 3=Somewhat, 4=Quite a bit, 5=A great deal. A higher ranking is better.
Measured: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt and label image
Perceived message effectiveness (PME) as assessed by the University of North Carolina (UNC)-PME scale
Perceived message effectiveness (PME) is measured using the unipolar 3-item University of North Carolina (UNC)-PME scale. Participants will be asked how much each label discourages consumption of or evokes concern of unpleasantness about consumption of foods with the label. After viewing the label, participants will be asked how much the participant agrees or disagrees with the following statements: "This label discourages me from wanting to eat foods with this label", "This label makes foods with this label seem unpleasant", and "This label makes me concerned about the health effects of eating menu items with this label". Response options are a 5-point Likert scale: 1=Not at all, 2=A little bit, 3=Somewhat, 4=Quite a bit, 5=A great deal. A higher ranking is better.
Measured: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt and label image
Perceived label helpfulness
Perceived label helpfulness is measured with the survey question: "How helpful would you find this label when deciding what to order at a fast-food restaurant?" Response options are a 7-point Likert scale: 1=Very unhelpful, 2=Unhelpful, 3=Somewhat unhelpful, 4=Neither helpful nor unhelpful, 5=Somewhat helpful, 6=Helpful, 7=Very helpful. A higher ranking is better.
Measured: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt and label image
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted9 Oct 2025
- Study start9 Oct 2025
- Primary completion2 Nov 2025
- Study completion2 Nov 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Food ChoicesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Participants will be randomized to view a fast-food online ordering menu with one of seven labeling schemes applied: (1) a QR code on all items (control); (2) Low Sustainability labels; (3) Unsustainable labels; (4) Environmental Harm labels; (5) High Environmental Harm labels; (6) High Environmental Cost labels; and (7) numeric environmental cost labels on all items. All fast-food menus will include a selection of main entrée items. The control QR code and numeric environmental cost labels will display labels on all menu items. All other label conditions will apply labels only to items with higher environmental impact as defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates based on the Cool Food Pledge Calculator. Participants will be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase an unspecified menu item with the label to which the participant was randomized.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 14,720 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Julia A Wolfson, PhD, MPP, Principal investigator, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07214792
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- IRB00034378
- Other IDs
- 5R01DK139327-02
- Status last verified
- Jan 2026
- First submitted
- 6 Oct 2025
- Last updated
- 7 Jan 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: The investigators will share anonymous individual level data with members of the research team and with other interested researchers upon request. After results have been published the investigators will make study data available on Open Science Framework consistent with the Data Sharing and Management Plan.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 7 Jan 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Understanding Perceptions of and Reactions to Different Food Label Designs
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07214792
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- IRB00034378
- Conditions
- Food Choices
- Keywords
- Food labeling, Sustainability, Fast Food
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 14,720 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
- Study start
- 9 Oct 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 2 Nov 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 2 Nov 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 9 Oct 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The primary objective of this study is to explore perceptions and understanding of different menu label designs related to sustainability and environmental harm. Participants will be randomized to view a fast-food menu featuring one of seven labeling conditions and then will answer questions about the participant's reactions to and interpretations of the label, perceived label effectiveness, intention to purchase a menu item with the label, as well as perceptions of two fast-food menu items.
Detailed description
This survey will explore the perceptions and understanding of different hypothetical menu label designs related to sustainability and environmental harm compared to a control label The survey research firm CloudResearch will recruit a sample of ~12,400 adults aged 18 years and older who reside in the United States.
Participants will be randomized to view a fast-food online ordering menu with one of seven labeling schemes applied: (1) a QR code on all items (control); (2) Low Sustainability labels; (3) Unsustainable labels; (4) Environmental Harm labels; (5) High Environmental Harm labels; (6) High Environmental Cost labels; and (7) numeric Environmental Cost labels on all items. All fast-food menus will include a selection of main entrée items. The control QR code and numeric environmental cost labels will display labels on all menu items. All other label conditions will apply labels only to items with higher environmental impact as defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates based on the Cool Food Pledge Calculator.
Participants will be shown the menu and the label in isolation and will then be asked about interpretations of the label, reactions to the label, perceived message effectiveness (PME) of the label, how helpful the participants find the label to be, and the intention to purchase a menu item with the label. The participants will also be shown two different individual fast-food items with the label to which the participants were randomized (if applicable) in random order and asked about the perceived appeal, healthfulness, and environmental impact of the menu items.
The primary outcome in this exploratory study will be intention to purchase a hypothetical menu item with the label shown. Secondary outcomes include label interpretation, perceived label understandability, perceived label believability, perception that the label grabbed attention, perceived message effectiveness (PME) of the label, perceived helpfulness of the label, perceived level of appeal of menu items, perceived level of healthfulness of menu items, and perceived environmental impact of menu items.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 7
- Model description
- Participants will be randomized to view a fast-food online ordering menu with one of seven labeling schemes applied: (1) a QR code on all items (control); (2) Low Sustainability labels; (3) Unsustainable labels; (4) Environmental Harm labels; (5) High Environmental Harm labels; (6) High Environmental Cost labels; and (7) numeric environmental cost labels on all items. All fast-food menus will include a selection of main entrée items. The control QR code and numeric environmental cost labels will display labels on all menu items. All other label conditions will apply labels only to items with higher environmental impact as defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates based on the Cool Food Pledge Calculator. Participants will be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase an unspecified menu item with the label to which the participant was randomized.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Control (QR) labels | Placebo comparator | Behavioral: Control (QR) LabelsA black label featuring a QR code and white text that reads "SCAN HERE" will be placed beneath all main menu items. |
| Low Sustainability Labels | Experimental | Behavioral: Low Sustainability LabelsA red icon-plus-text label that reads "LOW SUSTAINABILITY" in white text will be placed beneath menu items with a high environmental impact, defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates from the Cool Food Pledge Calculator. Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. |
| Unsustainable Labels | Experimental | Behavioral: Unsustainable LabelsA red icon-plus-text label that reads "UNSUSTAINABLE" in white text will be placed beneath menu items with a high environmental impact, defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates from the Cool Food Pledge Calculator. Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. |
| Environmental Harm Labels | Experimental | Behavioral: Environmental Harm LabelsA red icon-plus-text label that reads "ENVIRONMENTAL HARM" in white text will be placed beneath menu items with a high environmental impact, defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates from the Cool Food Pledge Calculator. Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. |
| High Environmental Harm Labels | Experimental | Behavioral: High Environmental Harm LabelsA red icon-plus-text label that reads "HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL HARM" in white text will be placed beneath menu items with a high environmental impact, defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates from the Cool Food Pledge Calculator. Labels will include a white globe icon directly preceding the label text. |
| High Environmental Cost Labels | Experimental | Behavioral: High Environmental Cost LabelsA red icon-plus-text label that reads "HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL COST" in white text will be placed beneath menu items with a high environmental impact, defined by ingredient-level environmental impact estimates from the Cool Food Pledge Calculator. Labels will include a white triangle icon with a dollar sign directly preceding the label text. |
| Numeric Environmental Cost Labels | Experimental | Behavioral: Numeric Environmental Cost LabelsNumeric Environmental Cost labels will be placed beneath all menu items and display the estimated dollar value associated with the item's True Cost Accounting which calculates the additional cost of a commodity by accounting for environmental and social costs. The label will read "ENVIRONMENTAL COST" in white text followed by a dollar value (i.e., +$6.01). All labels have a solid red background and an icon-plus-text design. A white globe icon will precede the text. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- 18 years of age or older
- Member of the CloudResearch panel
- Residing in the United States
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- - <18 years of age
- Not residing in the United States
- Completed the survey implausibly quickly based on the distribution of the time to complete the survey among all participants
- Failed the built-in Qualtrics survey fraud detection measures
- Failed the attention check question included in the survey
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Control (QR) LabelsParticipants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. Control (QR) labels will be displayed beneath each item. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label. | Behavioural | Control (QR) labels |
| Low Sustainability LabelsParticipants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. Low Sustainability labels will be displayed beneath select items. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label. | Behavioural | Low Sustainability Labels |
| Unsustainable LabelsParticipants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. Unsustainable labels will be displayed beneath select items. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label. | Behavioural | Unsustainable Labels |
| Environmental Harm LabelsParticipants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. Environmental Harm labels will be displayed beneath select items. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label. | Behavioural | Environmental Harm Labels |
| High Environmental Harm LabelsParticipants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. High Environmental Harm labels will be displayed beneath select items. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label. | Behavioural | High Environmental Harm Labels |
| High Environmental Cost LabelsParticipants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. High Environmental Cost labels will be displayed beneath select items. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label. | Behavioural | High Environmental Cost Labels |
| Numeric Environmental Cost LabelsParticipants will view a fast-food restaurant menu with main entrée items. Each menu item will be displayed with an image of the item, name, price, and total calories. Numeric environmental cost labels will be displayed beneath each item. Participants will view the menu and then the label in isolation and then be asked about a hypothetical intention to purchase a menu item with the label. | Behavioural | Numeric Environmental Cost Labels |
Primary outcome
Intention to purchase
Time frame: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt and label image
Intention to purchase is measured with the survey question: "How likely would you be to purchase a menu item with this label?" Response options are a 7-point Likert scale: 1=Very unlikely, 2=Unlikely, 3=Somewhat unlikely, 4=Neither likely nor unlikely, 5=Somewhat likely, 6=Likely, 7=Very likely. A higher rating is better.
6 secondary outcomes
Label interpretation
Time frame: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt
Perceived label understandability
Time frame: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt and label image
Perceived label believability
Time frame: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt and label image
Perception that label grabbed attention
Time frame: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt and label image
Perceived message effectiveness (PME) as assessed by the University of North Carolina (UNC)-PME scale
Time frame: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt and label image
Perceived label helpfulness
Time frame: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt and label image
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 7 Jan 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. The investigators will share anonymous individual level data with members of the research team and with other interested researchers upon request. After results have been published the investigators will make study data available on Open Science Framework consistent with the Data Sharing and Management Plan.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Julia A Wolfson, PhD, MPP principal investigator
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Low Sustainability Labels, Unsustainable Labels and Environmental Harm Labels in people with Food Choices, run by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 7 Jan 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Intention to purchase (time frame: Immediately after viewing the menu excerpt and label image). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 7 Jan 2026.