Knee OsteoarthritisNCT07327190
The Effect of Motor Imagery and Motion Observation Training on Pain, Functionality, Balance, and Anxiety After Knee Replacement Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study
A study testing Traditional Physiotherapy, Motor imagery training and Action observation training in people with Knee Osteoarthritis and Knee Disease, run by Kutahya Health Sciences University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This single-center randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of motor imagery and action observation training on pain, functionality, balance, and fear of movement in patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The study will be conducted at Simav Doç. Dr. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 25 to 85 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Knee Osteoarthritis, Knee Disease
- What is being tested?
- Traditional Physiotherapy, Motor imagery training and Action observation training
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 36 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 14 Oct 2025to 3 Jun 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 25 to 85 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Those diagnosed with degenerative gonarthrosis and who have experienced unilateral TDA
- Those over 25 years of age
- Those who have obtained a passing score on the Mini Mental Test (>24)
Who cannot join
- Body mass index of 40 kg/m2 or higher,
- Revision/bilateral TDA,
- Self-reported sensory, cognitive, neurological or motor impairment that would limit participation in the study; history of psychosis; or concomitant diseases that would negatively affect recovery, such as hemiparesis, peripheral neuropathy, lymphedema or lower extremity amputation.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Kütahya Health Sciences University
Kütahya, Kütahya, 43000
About this study
This single-center randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of motor imagery and action observation training on pain, functionality, balance, and fear of movement in patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The study will be conducted at Simav Doç. Dr. İsmail Karakuyu State Hospital Orthopedics Department with a minimum of 40 participants meeting the inclusion criteria. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) standard physiotherapy, (2) standard physiotherapy plus motor imagery training, or (3) standard physiotherapy plus action observation training.
All interventions will last six weeks. Standard physiotherapy will include ankle pumping, active-assisted hip and knee flexion, isometric and stretching exercises, cryotherapy, gait, and stair training. The motor imagery group will perform guided imagery sessions using audio recordings describing the physiotherapy exercises and daily activities. The action observation group will observe exercise videos corresponding to the physiotherapy program.
The primary outcomes will include pain, functional level, balance, and kinesiophobia. The study aims to determine whether the addition of mental simulation techniques to standard physiotherapy can enhance postoperative recovery and improve functional outcomes in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.
- Conditions
- Knee Osteoarthritis, Knee Disease
- Being tested
- Traditional Physiotherapy, Motor imagery training, Action observation training
- Medical subject headings
- Osteoarthritis, Knee
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Traditional PhysiotherapyOther
Patients will be given a standard physiotherapy program consisting of 0-2 weeks and 2-6 weeks, with the first week mainly featuring isometric exercises, stretching exercises, and ankle pumping exercises, and the second-6 weeks transitioning to strengthening exercises.
Motor imagery trainingOther
In addition to standard visual therapy, patients will be sent audio recordings that allow them to visualize movement; they will also be sent nature videos.
Action observation trainingOther
In this group, in addition to standard physiotherapy, participants will be given videos showing visuals of the movements and will also be sent audio recordings containing nature sounds during the session.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Control Group (Traditional Physiotherapy) | Active comparator | Standard physiotherapy exercise routines will include: ankle pumping exercises, passive/active/active assisted hip flexion (straight leg raise), abduction/adduction, passive/active/active assisted hip-knee flexion (starting from 30°-40°), isometric exercises (quadriceps, adductor, gluteal muscles, hamstrings), cryotherapy (3 times a day), and stretching exercises (hamstring, gastro-soleus), along with walker assistance for standing, walking training, and stair training. In addition, participants in this group will be given recordings containing nature sounds and nature videos to listen to and watch after their exercises. Receives: Other: Traditional Physiotherapy |
| Motor imagery group | Experimental | In motor imagery training, participants will visualize standard physiotherapy tasks using audio recordings presented as metaphors. Participants will be asked to fully focus on visualizing the movements in a quiet environment. They will also be asked to imagine different activities from daily life, progressing from simple to more challenging. Patients will undergo imagery training with audio recordings of standard physiotherapy exercises for six weeks. The training content will parallel the standard physiotherapy program. Participants in the motor imagery training group will be provided with audio explanations (mp3 files) of the motor imagery session instructions to continue at home. Patients in this group will also watch videos containing nature visuals. Receives: Other: Motor imagery training |
| Action observation group | Experimental | In the action observation group, participants will observe movements by watching videos of standard physiotherapy tasks in addition to standard physiotherapy. The training content will progress in parallel with the standard physiotherapy program. The training content will be prepared by clearly recording frontal or lateral views of all exercises included in the standard physiotherapy curriculum (0-2 week, 2-6 week exercises). Patients in this group will also listen to an audio recording containing relaxing music. Receives: Other: Action observation training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Pain Assessment
Pain intensity will be measured using a Visual Analog Scale. It is a 100 mm scale. The patient marks a point on the line between 'no pain' and 'unbearable pain' according to their level of pain during free walking. A higher score means more pain.
Measured: a day before the operation
Pain Assessment
Pain intensity will be measured using a Visual Analog Scale. It is a 100 mm scale. The patient marks a point on the line between 'no pain' and 'unbearable pain' according to their level of pain during free walking. A higher score means more pain.
Measured: after 2 weeks of operation
Pain Assessment
Pain intensity will be measured using a Visual Analog Scale. It is a 100 mm scale. The patient marks a point on the line between 'no pain' and 'unbearable pain' according to their level of pain during free walking. A higher score means more pain.
Measured: after 6 weeks of operation
Muscle Strength Assessment:
Muscle strength will be measured using a handheld dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument®) located in the physiotherapy unit, with the knee in a 90° flexion position. The device will be placed on the front surface above the malleoli of the ankle. A maximum isometric contraction in the extension direction will be requested against the device for 5 seconds. Three repetitions of the movement will be performed, and the average will be taken. A 30-second rest break will be given between each contraction. Measurements will be recorded in kilograms. The muscle strength measuring instrument will be obtained from the physiotherapy unit.
Measured: a day before the operation
Muscle Strength Assessment:
Muscle strength will be measured using a handheld dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument®) located in the physiotherapy unit, with the knee in a 90° flexion position. The device will be placed on the front surface above the malleoli of the ankle. A maximum isometric contraction in the extension direction will be requested against the device for 5 seconds. Three repetitions of the movement will be performed, and the average will be taken. A 30-second rest break will be given between each contraction. Measurements will be recorded in kilograms. The muscle strength measuring instrument will be obtained from the physiotherapy unit.
Measured: after 2 weeks of operation
Muscle Strength Assessment:
Muscle strength will be measured using a handheld dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument®) located in the physiotherapy unit, with the knee in a 90° flexion position. The device will be placed on the front surface above the malleoli of the ankle. A maximum isometric contraction in the extension direction will be requested against the device for 5 seconds. Three repetitions of the movement will be performed, and the average will be taken. A 30-second rest break will be given between each contraction. Measurements will be recorded in kilograms. The muscle strength measuring instrument will be obtained from the physiotherapy unit.
Measured: after 6 weeks of operation
Functional Assessment
The WOMAC will be used for functional assessment. The WOMAC consists of sub-sections for pain, stiffness, and physical function. Higher scores indicate greater pain, stiffness, and worse physical function.
Measured: a day before the operation
Functional Assessment
The WOMAC will be used for functional assessment. The WOMAC consists of sub-sections for pain, stiffness, and physical function. Higher scores indicate greater pain, stiffness, and worse physical function.
Measured: after 2 weeks of operation
Functional Assessment
The WOMAC will be used for functional assessment. The WOMAC consists of sub-sections for pain, stiffness, and physical function. Higher scores indicate greater pain, stiffness, and worse physical function.
Measured: after 6 weeks of operation
Timed Get Up and Walk (TUG) Test
This test will be used to assess physical performance. For the test, participants will be asked to get up from a seated position without holding onto the chair's arms, walk 3 meters, return to the chair, and walk back to sit down. The elapsed time will be measured and recorded using a stopwatch. The test will be repeated 3 times, and the average will be taken.
Measured: a day before the operation
Timed Get Up and Walk (TUG) Test
This test will be used to assess physical performance. For the test, participants will be asked to get up from a seated position without holding onto the chair's arms, walk 3 meters, return to the chair, and walk back to sit down. The elapsed time will be measured and recorded using a stopwatch. The test will be repeated 3 times, and the average will be taken.
Measured: after 2 weeks of operation
Timed Get Up and Walk (TUG) Test
This test will be used to assess physical performance. For the test, participants will be asked to get up from a seated position without holding onto the chair's arms, walk 3 meters, return to the chair, and walk back to sit down. The elapsed time will be measured and recorded using a stopwatch. The test will be repeated 3 times, and the average will be taken.
Measured: after 6 weeks of operation
ROM Assessment
A standard goniometer will be used to assess active ROM. For knee flexion ROM, the fixed arm of the goniometer will be placed parallel to the long axis of the femur. The movable arm will be placed parallel to the long axis of the fibula. The participant will be asked to flex their knee without breaking contact between their foot and the bed. Extension angle will be measured using the same procedure after the heel is placed approximately 15 cm high and the participant is asked to perform active knee extension. Flexion and extension measurements will be repeated 3 times, and the averages will be recorded.
Measured: a day before the operation
ROM Assessment
A standard goniometer will be used to assess active ROM. For knee flexion ROM, the fixed arm of the goniometer will be placed parallel to the long axis of the femur. The movable arm will be placed parallel to the long axis of the fibula. The participant will be asked to flex their knee without breaking contact between their foot and the bed. Extension angle will be measured using the same procedure after the heel is placed approximately 15 cm high and the participant is asked to perform active knee extension. Flexion and extension measurements will be repeated 3 times, and the averages will be recorded.
Measured: after 2 weeks of operation
ROM Assessment
A standard goniometer will be used to assess active ROM. For knee flexion ROM, the fixed arm of the goniometer will be placed parallel to the long axis of the femur. The movable arm will be placed parallel to the long axis of the fibula. The participant will be asked to flex their knee without breaking contact between their foot and the bed. Extension angle will be measured using the same procedure after the heel is placed approximately 15 cm high and the participant is asked to perform active knee extension. Flexion and extension measurements will be repeated 3 times, and the averages will be recorded.
Measured: after 6 weeks of operation
Assessment of Kinesiophobia
he Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale will be used. The Turkish validity and reliability of the TKÖ, a 17-question scale designed to measure fear of movement, was established by Tunca Yılmaz et al. in 2011. A 4-point Likert scale is used (Strongly disagree: 1, Disagree: 2, Agree: 3, Strongly agree: 4). Questions 4, 8, 12, and 16 are reverse Likert scales; the total scale score is calculated as 33. Individuals will receive a total score between 17 and 68. The higher the score on the scale, the higher the fear of movement.
Measured: a day before the operation
Assessment of Kinesiophobia
he Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale will be used. The Turkish validity and reliability of the TKÖ, a 17-question scale designed to measure fear of movement, was established by Tunca Yılmaz et al. in 2011. A 4-point Likert scale is used (Strongly disagree: 1, Disagree: 2, Agree: 3, Strongly agree: 4). Questions 4, 8, 12, and 16 are reverse Likert scales; the total scale score is calculated as 33. Individuals will receive a total score between 17 and 68. The higher the score on the scale, the higher the fear of movement.
Measured: after 2 weeks of operation
Assessment of Kinesiophobia
he Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale will be used. The Turkish validity and reliability of the TKÖ, a 17-question scale designed to measure fear of movement, was established by Tunca Yılmaz et al. in 2011. A 4-point Likert scale is used (Strongly disagree: 1, Disagree: 2, Agree: 3, Strongly agree: 4). Questions 4, 8, 12, and 16 are reverse Likert scales; the total scale score is calculated as 33. Individuals will receive a total score between 17 and 68. The higher the score on the scale, the higher the fear of movement.
Measured: after 6 weeks of operation
The Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMT)
It is a short, efficient, and standardized method that can be preferred for determining an individual's cognitive level. It is divided into five sections: orientation, recording memory, attention and calculation, recall, and language. There are eleven items for individuals to answer. It is evaluated out of a total of 30 points. The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Güngen et al. In the validity and reliability study, the threshold value was determined as 24 points.
Measured: a day before the operation
The Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMT)
It is a short, efficient, and standardized method that can be preferred for determining an individual's cognitive level. It is divided into five sections: orientation, recording memory, attention and calculation, recall, and language. There are eleven items for individuals to answer. It is evaluated out of a total of 30 points. The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Güngen et al. In the validity and reliability study, the threshold value was determined as 24 points.
Measured: after 2 weeks of operation
The Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMT)
It is a short, efficient, and standardized method that can be preferred for determining an individual's cognitive level. It is divided into five sections: orientation, recording memory, attention and calculation, recall, and language. There are eleven items for individuals to answer. It is evaluated out of a total of 30 points. The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Güngen et al. In the validity and reliability study, the threshold value was determined as 24 points.
Measured: after 6 weeks of operation
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted8 Jan 2026
- Study start14 Oct 2025
- Primary completion3 Apr 2026
- Study completion3 Jun 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Knee OsteoarthritisStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Kutahya Health Sciences UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator
- Enrolment
- 36 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Kutahya Health Sciences University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07327190
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- KSBU-TDA
- Status last verified
- Dec 2025
- First submitted
- 26 Dec 2025
- Last updated
- 28 Jul 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 28 Jul 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Motor Imagery and Motion Observation Training on Pain, Functionality, Balance, and Anxiety After Knee Replacement Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07327190
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- KSBU-TDA
- Conditions
- Knee Osteoarthritis, Knee Disease
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 36 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Kutahya Health Sciences UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 14 Oct 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 3 Apr 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 3 Jun 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 8 Jan 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This single-center randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of motor imagery and action observation training on pain, functionality, balance, and fear of movement in patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The study will be conducted at Simav Doç. Dr. İsmail Karakuyu State Hospital Orthopedics Department with a minimum of 40 participants meeting the inclusion criteria. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) standard physiotherapy, (2) standard physiotherapy plus motor imagery training, or (3) standard physiotherapy plus action observation training.
All interventions will last six weeks. Standard physiotherapy will include ankle pumping, active-assisted hip and knee flexion, isometric and stretching exercises, cryotherapy, gait, and stair training. The motor imagery group will perform guided imagery sessions using audio recordings describing the physiotherapy exercises and daily activities. The action observation group will observe exercise videos corresponding to the physiotherapy program.
The primary outcomes will include pain, functional level, balance, and kinesiophobia. The study aims to determine whether the addition of mental simulation techniques to standard physiotherapy can enhance postoperative recovery and improve functional outcomes in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind (participant, care provider, investigator)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Control Group (Traditional Physiotherapy) | Active comparator | Other: Traditional PhysiotherapyStandard physiotherapy exercise routines will include: ankle pumping exercises, passive/active/active assisted hip flexion (straight leg raise), abduction/adduction, passive/active/active assisted hip-knee flexion (starting from 30°-40°), isometric exercises (quadriceps, adductor, gluteal muscles, hamstrings), cryotherapy (3 times a day), and stretching exercises (hamstring, gastro-soleus), along with walker assistance for standing, walking training, and stair training. In addition, participants in this group will be given recordings containing nature sounds and nature videos to listen to and watch after their exercises. |
| Motor imagery group | Experimental | Other: Motor imagery trainingIn motor imagery training, participants will visualize standard physiotherapy tasks using audio recordings presented as metaphors. Participants will be asked to fully focus on visualizing the movements in a quiet environment. They will also be asked to imagine different activities from daily life, progressing from simple to more challenging. Patients will undergo imagery training with audio recordings of standard physiotherapy exercises for six weeks. The training content will parallel the standard physiotherapy program. Participants in the motor imagery training group will be provided with audio explanations (mp3 files) of the motor imagery session instructions to continue at home. Patients in this group will also watch videos containing nature visuals. |
| Action observation group | Experimental | Other: Action observation trainingIn the action observation group, participants will observe movements by watching videos of standard physiotherapy tasks in addition to standard physiotherapy. The training content will progress in parallel with the standard physiotherapy program. The training content will be prepared by clearly recording frontal or lateral views of all exercises included in the standard physiotherapy curriculum (0-2 week, 2-6 week exercises). Patients in this group will also listen to an audio recording containing relaxing music. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 25 to 85 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Those diagnosed with degenerative gonarthrosis and who have experienced unilateral TDA
- Those over 25 years of age
- Those who have obtained a passing score on the Mini Mental Test (>24)
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Body mass index of 40 kg/m2 or higher,
- Revision/bilateral TDA,
- Self-reported sensory, cognitive, neurological or motor impairment that would limit participation in the study; history of psychosis; or concomitant diseases that would negatively affect recovery, such as hemiparesis, peripheral neuropathy, lymphedema or lower extremity amputation.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Traditional PhysiotherapyPatients will be given a standard physiotherapy program consisting of 0-2 weeks and 2-6 weeks, with the first week mainly featuring isometric exercises, stretching exercises, and ankle pumping exercises, and the second-6 weeks transitioning to strengthening exercises. | Other | Control Group (Traditional Physiotherapy) |
| Motor imagery trainingIn addition to standard visual therapy, patients will be sent audio recordings that allow them to visualize movement; they will also be sent nature videos. | Other | Motor imagery group |
| Action observation trainingIn this group, in addition to standard physiotherapy, participants will be given videos showing visuals of the movements and will also be sent audio recordings containing nature sounds during the session. | Other | Action observation group |
Primary outcome
Pain Assessment
Time frame: a day before the operation
Pain intensity will be measured using a Visual Analog Scale. It is a 100 mm scale. The patient marks a point on the line between 'no pain' and 'unbearable pain' according to their level of pain during free walking. A higher score means more pain.
Pain Assessment
Time frame: after 2 weeks of operation
Pain intensity will be measured using a Visual Analog Scale. It is a 100 mm scale. The patient marks a point on the line between 'no pain' and 'unbearable pain' according to their level of pain during free walking. A higher score means more pain.
Pain Assessment
Time frame: after 6 weeks of operation
Pain intensity will be measured using a Visual Analog Scale. It is a 100 mm scale. The patient marks a point on the line between 'no pain' and 'unbearable pain' according to their level of pain during free walking. A higher score means more pain.
Muscle Strength Assessment:
Time frame: a day before the operation
Muscle strength will be measured using a handheld dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument®) located in the physiotherapy unit, with the knee in a 90° flexion position. The device will be placed on the front surface above the malleoli of the ankle. A maximum isometric contraction in the extension direction will be requested against the device for 5 seconds. Three repetitions of the movement will be performed, and the average will be taken. A 30-second rest break will be given between each contraction. Measurements will be recorded in kilograms. The muscle strength measuring instrument will be obtained from the physiotherapy unit.
Muscle Strength Assessment:
Time frame: after 2 weeks of operation
Muscle strength will be measured using a handheld dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument®) located in the physiotherapy unit, with the knee in a 90° flexion position. The device will be placed on the front surface above the malleoli of the ankle. A maximum isometric contraction in the extension direction will be requested against the device for 5 seconds. Three repetitions of the movement will be performed, and the average will be taken. A 30-second rest break will be given between each contraction. Measurements will be recorded in kilograms. The muscle strength measuring instrument will be obtained from the physiotherapy unit.
Muscle Strength Assessment:
Time frame: after 6 weeks of operation
Muscle strength will be measured using a handheld dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument®) located in the physiotherapy unit, with the knee in a 90° flexion position. The device will be placed on the front surface above the malleoli of the ankle. A maximum isometric contraction in the extension direction will be requested against the device for 5 seconds. Three repetitions of the movement will be performed, and the average will be taken. A 30-second rest break will be given between each contraction. Measurements will be recorded in kilograms. The muscle strength measuring instrument will be obtained from the physiotherapy unit.
Functional Assessment
Time frame: a day before the operation
The WOMAC will be used for functional assessment. The WOMAC consists of sub-sections for pain, stiffness, and physical function. Higher scores indicate greater pain, stiffness, and worse physical function.
Functional Assessment
Time frame: after 2 weeks of operation
The WOMAC will be used for functional assessment. The WOMAC consists of sub-sections for pain, stiffness, and physical function. Higher scores indicate greater pain, stiffness, and worse physical function.
Functional Assessment
Time frame: after 6 weeks of operation
The WOMAC will be used for functional assessment. The WOMAC consists of sub-sections for pain, stiffness, and physical function. Higher scores indicate greater pain, stiffness, and worse physical function.
Timed Get Up and Walk (TUG) Test
Time frame: a day before the operation
This test will be used to assess physical performance. For the test, participants will be asked to get up from a seated position without holding onto the chair's arms, walk 3 meters, return to the chair, and walk back to sit down. The elapsed time will be measured and recorded using a stopwatch. The test will be repeated 3 times, and the average will be taken.
Timed Get Up and Walk (TUG) Test
Time frame: after 2 weeks of operation
This test will be used to assess physical performance. For the test, participants will be asked to get up from a seated position without holding onto the chair's arms, walk 3 meters, return to the chair, and walk back to sit down. The elapsed time will be measured and recorded using a stopwatch. The test will be repeated 3 times, and the average will be taken.
Timed Get Up and Walk (TUG) Test
Time frame: after 6 weeks of operation
This test will be used to assess physical performance. For the test, participants will be asked to get up from a seated position without holding onto the chair's arms, walk 3 meters, return to the chair, and walk back to sit down. The elapsed time will be measured and recorded using a stopwatch. The test will be repeated 3 times, and the average will be taken.
ROM Assessment
Time frame: a day before the operation
A standard goniometer will be used to assess active ROM. For knee flexion ROM, the fixed arm of the goniometer will be placed parallel to the long axis of the femur. The movable arm will be placed parallel to the long axis of the fibula. The participant will be asked to flex their knee without breaking contact between their foot and the bed. Extension angle will be measured using the same procedure after the heel is placed approximately 15 cm high and the participant is asked to perform active knee extension. Flexion and extension measurements will be repeated 3 times, and the averages will be recorded.
ROM Assessment
Time frame: after 2 weeks of operation
A standard goniometer will be used to assess active ROM. For knee flexion ROM, the fixed arm of the goniometer will be placed parallel to the long axis of the femur. The movable arm will be placed parallel to the long axis of the fibula. The participant will be asked to flex their knee without breaking contact between their foot and the bed. Extension angle will be measured using the same procedure after the heel is placed approximately 15 cm high and the participant is asked to perform active knee extension. Flexion and extension measurements will be repeated 3 times, and the averages will be recorded.
ROM Assessment
Time frame: after 6 weeks of operation
A standard goniometer will be used to assess active ROM. For knee flexion ROM, the fixed arm of the goniometer will be placed parallel to the long axis of the femur. The movable arm will be placed parallel to the long axis of the fibula. The participant will be asked to flex their knee without breaking contact between their foot and the bed. Extension angle will be measured using the same procedure after the heel is placed approximately 15 cm high and the participant is asked to perform active knee extension. Flexion and extension measurements will be repeated 3 times, and the averages will be recorded.
Assessment of Kinesiophobia
Time frame: a day before the operation
he Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale will be used. The Turkish validity and reliability of the TKÖ, a 17-question scale designed to measure fear of movement, was established by Tunca Yılmaz et al. in 2011. A 4-point Likert scale is used (Strongly disagree: 1, Disagree: 2, Agree: 3, Strongly agree: 4). Questions 4, 8, 12, and 16 are reverse Likert scales; the total scale score is calculated as 33. Individuals will receive a total score between 17 and 68. The higher the score on the scale, the higher the fear of movement.
Assessment of Kinesiophobia
Time frame: after 2 weeks of operation
he Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale will be used. The Turkish validity and reliability of the TKÖ, a 17-question scale designed to measure fear of movement, was established by Tunca Yılmaz et al. in 2011. A 4-point Likert scale is used (Strongly disagree: 1, Disagree: 2, Agree: 3, Strongly agree: 4). Questions 4, 8, 12, and 16 are reverse Likert scales; the total scale score is calculated as 33. Individuals will receive a total score between 17 and 68. The higher the score on the scale, the higher the fear of movement.
Assessment of Kinesiophobia
Time frame: after 6 weeks of operation
he Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale will be used. The Turkish validity and reliability of the TKÖ, a 17-question scale designed to measure fear of movement, was established by Tunca Yılmaz et al. in 2011. A 4-point Likert scale is used (Strongly disagree: 1, Disagree: 2, Agree: 3, Strongly agree: 4). Questions 4, 8, 12, and 16 are reverse Likert scales; the total scale score is calculated as 33. Individuals will receive a total score between 17 and 68. The higher the score on the scale, the higher the fear of movement.
The Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMT)
Time frame: a day before the operation
It is a short, efficient, and standardized method that can be preferred for determining an individual's cognitive level. It is divided into five sections: orientation, recording memory, attention and calculation, recall, and language. There are eleven items for individuals to answer. It is evaluated out of a total of 30 points. The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Güngen et al. In the validity and reliability study, the threshold value was determined as 24 points.
The Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMT)
Time frame: after 2 weeks of operation
It is a short, efficient, and standardized method that can be preferred for determining an individual's cognitive level. It is divided into five sections: orientation, recording memory, attention and calculation, recall, and language. There are eleven items for individuals to answer. It is evaluated out of a total of 30 points. The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Güngen et al. In the validity and reliability study, the threshold value was determined as 24 points.
The Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMT)
Time frame: after 6 weeks of operation
It is a short, efficient, and standardized method that can be preferred for determining an individual's cognitive level. It is divided into five sections: orientation, recording memory, attention and calculation, recall, and language. There are eleven items for individuals to answer. It is evaluated out of a total of 30 points. The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Güngen et al. In the validity and reliability study, the threshold value was determined as 24 points.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 28 Jul 2026.
Related trials for Knee Osteoarthritis
Not yet recruiting
Holistic Healing for Knee Osteoarthritis
Knee Osteoarthritis (Knee OA)
Recruiting
Effect of Anti-inflammatory Diet in Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Active, not recruitingPhase 2/3
Single vs Triple Hyaluronic Acid in Knee Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Not yet recruiting
The Feasibility of a Virtual/Home-based OA Treatment Program in Older Adults With OA and Multimorbidity
Osteoarthritis of the Knee
RecruitingObservational study
Exploring Factors Linked to Worsening Over Time in People With Early-stage Knee Osteoarthritis and Those With Prior Proven Acute Knee Injury.
Knee Osteoarthritis
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Traditional Physiotherapy, Motor imagery training and Action observation training in people with Knee Osteoarthritis and Knee Disease, run by Kutahya Health Sciences University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 28 Jul 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Pain Assessment (time frame: a day before the operation). The study lists 21 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 28 Jul 2026.