Clinical Aspects, Management and Surveillance of Febrile Illnesses in DRC

The management of febrile illnesses in low resource settings remains fraught with clinical challenges. Overuse of antibiotics in primary care remains a reality in the field, and has been observed in several studies. A number of initiatives are underway to address this problem, such as the use of biomarkers, the development of treatment guidelines and electronic decision support systems. The 'AWARE antibiotic book' was published at the end of 2022 by the WHO, providing recommendations on the choice (or otherwise) of antibiotic therapy for over 30 common clinical infections, in both primary care and hospital settings.

As in most sub-Saharan African countries, very little data is available in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, causes and outcome of febrile illnesses, and research capacity is generally very weak.

FIKI² was a bi-centric observational study of febrile illnesses conducted between March 29, 2021 and October 9, 2023 at two newly established research sites in the DRC: (i) the pediatric emergency department of the Hôpital Général de Référence de Kinshasa (HGRK) - now the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Renaissance (CHUR) - , and (ii) the emergency and outpatient department of the Hôpital Général de Référence (HGR) of the Institut Médical Evangélique (IME) in Kimpese.

The study prospectively recruited patients presenting with fever and collected data on clinical and laboratory characteristics at the time of consultation and during a three-week follow-up period. The study included the routine performance of a thick smear and/or RDT for malaria, in line with routine care, as well as the performance of an RDT for dengue and the measurement of CRP, hemoglobin, white blood cell count and differentiation as study laboratory procedures.

The study was also integrated for part of its duration into a blood culture surveillance project (protocol approved in Belgium and DRC). Blood samples were also collected for long-term storage and secondary research during the second phase of the study for consenting patients.

The conduct of the study was integrated with research and clinical capacity building, focusing on clinical assessment and CRP evaluation in the management process, in order to reduce antibiotic overuse.

The study provided important insights into the clinical presentation of febrile illnesses, and confirmed the significant impact of malaria on CRP levels, as well as its discriminating value in cases of undifferentiated fever and non-malarial respiratory tract infection. It highlighted a relatively high frequency of fever-associated bacteremia in ambulatory patients (of unclear clinical significance). The study confirmed high rates of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. While FIKI² was not an interventional study, it was observed that the implementation of CRP was progressively associated with a marked reduction in antibiotic use (especially in cases of undifferentiated fever and non-malarial respiratory tract infection with normal CRP levels), once this test was integrated into the reasoning of the investigating clinicians.

FI-CARE study is a new study that extends the FIKI² study in terms of consolidating epidemiological and etiological research, but has as new objectives to measure the impact of CRP and the AWaRe guide on clinical management (reduction in antibiotic prescribing) AND to integrate effective surveillance of febrile illnesses with epidemic potential into primary care. Similar data collection tools as the FIKI² study will allow comparative analyses between the 2 studies.

In the first instance, the study takes place at the known site of the pediatric emergency department of the 'Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Renaissance de Kinshasa' (CHUR, formerly HGRK). Other sites may be added in the future, depending on epidemiological interest, research capacity and available funding (compatible with the principle of FA5 funds as seed money that can be used to attract further funding). The study is conceptualized as a modular one, with different levels of research depending on the research capacity and level of funding available at the sites involved:

1. Descriptive clinical characterization, focusing on systematic evaluation of tools to improve management (syndromic approach with CRP, AWaRe antibiotic book, or new electronic support systems), and surveillance (relevance of clinical case definitions).
2. Analysis of inflammatory biomarkers: C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells and their differentiation using different types of point-of-care (POC) equipment: portable analyzers and RDTs.
3. Etiological investigation of specific febrile illnesses
4. Blood culture surveillance: as part of a project to improve antibiotic resistance surveillance and clinical management (protocol approved in DRC and Belgium).
5. Evaluation of arboviral pathogens using multiplex diagnostic tools: complementary to surveillance objectives. These analyses will be carried out on stored samples.
6. Storage of well-documented samples with clinical data, enabling subsequent development and evaluation of diagnostic and surveillance platforms, and other secondary post-hoc research. Future analyses may include transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood to search for early biomarkers to distinguish bacterial from viral infections.

Study procedures are as follows:

• prospective recruitment of patients presenting with fever
• data collection on clinical and laboratory characteristics at the time of consultation and during a three-week follow-up period
• blood sampling at inclusion for routine analyses, performance of a thick smear and/or RDT for malaria, in line with routine care, as well as measurement of CRP, hemoglobin, white blood cell count and differentiation as study laboratory procedures; and for sample storage
• biobanking of relevant samples (plasma and full blood treated with DNA/RNA shield) for arboviral multiplex PCR and secondary analyses