Functional MobilityNCT07362368
Virtual Reality-Based Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand Test in Young Adults
An observational study of Functional Mobility and Virtual Reality-Based Functional Assessment, run by Selcuk University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Lower extremity muscle strength is a fundamental determinant of an individual's ability to maintain functional mobility, preserve balance, and perform activities of daily living independently. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 30 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Functional Mobility, Virtual Reality-Based Functional Assessment
- What is being tested?
- Clinical Assessments
- How many people
- 60 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 2 Feb 2026to 30 Jul 2026
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 30 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Study population: Asymptomatic young adults aged 18-30 years who are able to perform activities of daily living independently and have no neurological, cardiovascular, or musculoskeletal conditions affecting functional performance.
Who may be able to join
- Aged between 18 and 30 years,
- Asymptomatic, with no neurological, cardiovascular, or musculoskeletal symptoms,
- Ability to perform activities of daily living independently,
- Visual, auditory, and vestibular functions adequate for virtual reality applications,
- Ability to understand and follow instructions in Turkish,
- Willingness to participate voluntarily in the study.
Who cannot join
- History of lower extremity injury, surgical procedure, or serious musculoskeletal condition within the past six months,
- Presence of vestibular disorders, balance impairment, or visual or hearing impairments,
- Experiencing symptoms of VR sickness, such as dizziness, nausea, or spatial disorientation during virtual reality applications,
- Diagnosis of neurological, cardiovascular, or metabolic disease,
- Engaging in intensive exercise or being a professional athlete,
- Insufficient cognitive ability to understand test instructions,
- Voluntary withdrawal from the study during the research process.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Selcuk University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
Konya, Selcuklu, 42130
Mehmet K ALTUNOK, PHD(c) in PT, 5558175133 ext. +90, mehmetkaan.altunok@selcuk.edu.tr
About this study
Official title: Validity and Reliability of the Immersive Virtual Reality Adaptation of the Five-Repetition Sit-to- Stand Test in Asymptomatic Young Adults
Lower extremity muscle strength is a fundamental determinant of an individual's ability to maintain functional mobility, preserve balance, and perform activities of daily living independently. One of the methods used for the comprehensive evaluation of these functions is the Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand (5STS) test, which is considered an effective tool for assessing lower extremity strength, balance, and functional mobility in both healthy individuals and various clinical populations. In this test, participants are required to consecutively stand up from and sit down on a chair five times without using their arms, and the completion time is recorded in seconds to objectively evaluate functional capacity. Due to its simplicity, low cost, and high reliability, the 5STS test is widely used in clinical and research settings.
However, functional tests administered in conventional clinical environments may be insufficiently standardized due to factors such as examiner-related variability, measurement errors, and environmental influences. This limitation makes it difficult to detect small performance differences and restricts test repeatability. In recent years, rapidly advancing virtual reality (VR) technology has contributed to overcoming these limitations by offering the potential to digitally standardize measurement processes. VR systems, which recreate real-life scenarios in a three-dimensional and interactive manner, allow for a more comprehensive and objective assessment of motor performance. In addition, by increasing user interaction and reducing observer-related errors, VR enhances clinical validity. One study has reported that the most important advantage of VR in clinical balance assessments is its ability to provide a fully controllable, repeatable, and standardized environment. Similarly, a systematic review found that VR-based exercises resulted in significant improvements in motor skills, balance, and cognitive function, while increasing user engagement and motivation and thereby contributing to more effective rehabilitation outcomes.
Read more
Current literature indicates that VR technology is increasingly being utilized in physiotherapy and exercise sciences. In one study, the validity and feasibility of a VR adaptation of the Wingate Anaerobic Test were investigated, and it was reported that the VR version produced performance outcomes comparable to the conventional test, while participant satisfaction was significantly higher with the VR-based method. Likewise, another study demonstrated that the VR adaptation of the Six-Minute Pegboard and Ring Test exhibited high levels of validity and reliability. Together, these studies indicate that VR-based functional tests are both feasible and clinically consistent.
Despite this, no studies to date have examined the validity and reliability of the Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand test in an immersive VR environment for assessing lower extremity function. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the validity, reliability, and feasibility of a virtual reality-based Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand test (5STS-VR) developed on the Meta Quest 3 platform in asymptomatic young adults. Additionally, convergent validity will be evaluated by analyzing the relationships between performance data obtained from the virtual environment and outcomes of the Y-Balance Test and lower extremity muscle strength measurements.
- Being tested
- Clinical Assessments
- Keywords
- Functional Mobility, Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand Test, Virtual Reality, Immersive Virtual Reality, Validity, Reliability, Young Adults
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Clinical AssessmentsOther
Participants will perform the Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand test using an immersive virtual reality application developed for the Meta Quest 3 platform. The virtual environment digitally replicates the conventional test setup, including chair height, starting position, movement sequence, and completion criteria. Test duration will be automatically recorded by the system. The virtual reality-based assessment is designed to provide a standardized, objective, and reproducible evaluation of lower extremity functional performance and will be repeated to assess test-retest reliability.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Asymptomatic Young Adults | Asymptomatic young adults aged 18-30 years undergoing conventional and immersive virtual reality-based Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand assessments to evaluate feasibility, validity, and reliability. Receives: Other: Clinical Assessments |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand Test - Virtual Reality (5STS-VR)
This outcome measure will be used to assess lower extremity functional performance using an immersive virtual reality-based adaptation of the Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand test. Test completion time will be automatically recorded by the system. Validity will be evaluated by comparison with the conventional Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand test, and reliability will be assessed using repeated measurements performed one week apart.
Measured: Baseline and 1-week follow-up
Secondary outcomes (4)
Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand Test - Conventional
The conventional Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand test will be administered to assess lower extremity strength and functional mobility and will be used as a reference measure for concurrent validity analysis.
Measured: Baseline
Y-Balance Test
The Y-Balance Test will be used to assess dynamic balance and postural control. Results will be used to examine convergent validity of the virtual reality-based Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand test.
Measured: Baseline
Lower Extremity Muscle Strength
Lower extremity muscle strength will be measured using a handheld digital dynamometer to evaluate its relationship with functional performance and virtual reality-based Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand outcomes.
Measured: Baseline
Participant Satisfaction
Participant satisfaction with conventional and virtual reality-based assessments will be evaluated using a 10-point visual analog scale.
Measured: Baseline
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Jan 2026
- Study start2 Feb 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion30 Jun 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion30 Jul 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (7)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Functional MobilityStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Selcuk University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Mehmet Kaan ALTUNOK, Selcuk University
- Investigators
- İsmail ÖZSOY, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Study chair, Selcuk University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Konya, TürkiyeYusuf ÖZBAĞ, Study chair, Selcuk University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Konya, Türkiye
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07362368
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- SelcukU_PT_VR5STS_ADAPTATION_1
- Status last verified
- Jan 2026
- First submitted
- 15 Jan 2026
- Last updated
- 23 Jan 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Maden C, Gozacan Karabulut D, Bagci B. Validity and reliability of an immersive virtual reality adaptation of the 6-minute pegboard and ring test. Hand Surg Rehabil. 2025 Feb;44(1):101981. doi: 10.1016/j.hansur.2024.101981. Epub 2024 Oct 30.
PubMed 39486588Bayram GA, Sahin GE, Yilmaz G, Tayboga UI, Celik AG, Yildirim Y, Saribas PK, Tarakci D. Integration of the wingate anaerobic test into a virtual reality- based evaluation system. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Jul 2;17(1):163. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01220-4.
PubMed 40605090Ali SG, Wang X, Li P, Jung Y, Bi L, Kim J, Chen Y, Feng DD, Magnenat Thalmann N, Wang J, Sheng B. A systematic review: Virtual-reality-based techniques for human exercises and health improvement. Front Public Health. 2023 Mar 23;11:1143947. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1143947. eCollection 2023.
PubMed 37033028Morel M, Bideau B, Lardy J, Kulpa R. Advantages and limitations of virtual reality for balance assessment and rehabilitation. Neurophysiol Clin. 2015 Nov;45(4-5):315-26. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2015.09.007. Epub 2015 Oct 31.
PubMed 26527045Scott H, Griffin C, Coggins W, Elberson B, Abdeldayem M, Virmani T, Larson-Prior LJ, Petersen E. Virtual Reality in the Neurosciences: Current Practice and Future Directions. Front Surg. 2022 Feb 18;8:807195. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.807195. eCollection 2021.
PubMed 35252318Rizzo AS, Koenig ST. Is clinical virtual reality ready for primetime? Neuropsychology. 2017 Nov;31(8):877-899. doi: 10.1037/neu0000405.
PubMed 29376669Munoz-Bermejo L, Adsuar JC, Mendoza-Munoz M, Barrios-Fernandez S, Garcia-Gordillo MA, Perez-Gomez J, Carlos-Vivas J. Test-Retest Reliability of Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST) in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biology (Basel). 2021 Jun 9;10(6):510. doi: 10.3390/biology10060510.
PubMed 34207604
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Jan 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Validity and Reliability of the Immersive Virtual Reality Adaptation of the Five-Repetition Sit-to- Stand Test in Asymptomatic Young Adults
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07362368
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- SelcukU_PT_VR5STS_ADAPTATION_1
- Keywords
- Functional Mobility, Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand Test, Virtual Reality, Immersive Virtual Reality, Validity, Reliability, Young Adults
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Selcuk UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 2 Feb 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 30 Jun 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 30 Jul 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 23 Jan 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Lower extremity muscle strength is a fundamental determinant of an individual's ability to maintain functional mobility, preserve balance, and perform activities of daily living independently. One of the methods used for the comprehensive evaluation of these functions is the Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand (5STS) test, which is considered an effective tool for assessing lower extremity strength, balance, and functional mobility in both healthy individuals and various clinical populations. In this test, participants are required to consecutively stand up from and sit down on a chair five times without using their arms, and the completion time is recorded in seconds to objectively evaluate functional capacity. Due to its simplicity, low cost, and high reliability, the 5STS test is widely used in clinical and research settings.
However, functional tests administered in conventional clinical environments may be insufficiently standardized due to factors such as examiner-related variability, measurement errors, and environmental influences. This limitation makes it difficult to detect small performance differences and restricts test repeatability. In recent years, rapidly advancing virtual reality (VR) technology has contributed to overcoming these limitations by offering the potential to digitally standardize measurement processes. VR systems, which recreate real-life scenarios in a three-dimensional and interactive manner, allow for a more comprehensive and objective assessment of motor performance. In addition, by increasing user interaction and reducing observer-related errors, VR enhances clinical validity. One study has reported that the most important advantage of VR in clinical balance assessments is its ability to provide a fully controllable, repeatable, and standardized environment. Similarly, a systematic review found that VR-based exercises resulted in significant improvements in motor skills, balance, and cognitive function, while increasing user engagement and motivation and thereby contributing to more effective rehabilitation outcomes.
Current literature indicates that VR technology is increasingly being utilized in physiotherapy and exercise sciences. In one study, the validity and feasibility of a VR adaptation of the Wingate Anaerobic Test were investigated, and it was reported that the VR version produced performance outcomes comparable to the conventional test, while participant satisfaction was significantly higher with the VR-based method. Likewise, another study demonstrated that the VR adaptation of the Six-Minute Pegboard and Ring Test exhibited high levels of validity and reliability. Together, these studies indicate that VR-based functional tests are both feasible and clinically consistent.
Despite this, no studies to date have examined the validity and reliability of the Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand test in an immersive VR environment for assessing lower extremity function. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the validity, reliability, and feasibility of a virtual reality-based Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand test (5STS-VR) developed on the Meta Quest 3 platform in asymptomatic young adults. Additionally, convergent validity will be evaluated by analyzing the relationships between performance data obtained from the virtual environment and outcomes of the Y-Balance Test and lower extremity muscle strength measurements.
Study design
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Asymptomatic Young Adults | – | Other: Clinical AssessmentsAsymptomatic young adults aged 18-30 years undergoing conventional and immersive virtual reality-based Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand assessments to evaluate feasibility, validity, and reliability. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 30 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
- Study population
- Asymptomatic young adults aged 18-30 years who are able to perform activities of daily living independently and have no neurological, cardiovascular, or musculoskeletal conditions affecting functional performance.
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Aged between 18 and 30 years,
- Asymptomatic, with no neurological, cardiovascular, or musculoskeletal symptoms,
- Ability to perform activities of daily living independently,
- Visual, auditory, and vestibular functions adequate for virtual reality applications,
- Ability to understand and follow instructions in Turkish,
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- History of lower extremity injury, surgical procedure, or serious musculoskeletal condition within the past six months,
- Presence of vestibular disorders, balance impairment, or visual or hearing impairments,
- Experiencing symptoms of VR sickness, such as dizziness, nausea, or spatial disorientation during virtual reality applications,
- Diagnosis of neurological, cardiovascular, or metabolic disease,
- Engaging in intensive exercise or being a professional athlete,
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical AssessmentsParticipants will perform the Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand test using an immersive virtual reality application developed for the Meta Quest 3 platform. The virtual environment digitally replicates the conventional test setup, including chair height, starting position, movement sequence, and completion criteria. Test duration will be automatically recorded by the system. The virtual reality-based assessment is designed to provide a standardized, objective, and reproducible evaluation of lower extremity functional performance and will be repeated to assess test-retest reliability. | Other | Asymptomatic Young Adults |
Primary outcome
Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand Test - Virtual Reality (5STS-VR)
Time frame: Baseline and 1-week follow-up
This outcome measure will be used to assess lower extremity functional performance using an immersive virtual reality-based adaptation of the Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand test. Test completion time will be automatically recorded by the system. Validity will be evaluated by comparison with the conventional Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand test, and reliability will be assessed using repeated measurements performed one week apart.
4 secondary outcomes
Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand Test - Conventional
Time frame: Baseline
Y-Balance Test
Time frame: Baseline
Lower Extremity Muscle Strength
Time frame: Baseline
Participant Satisfaction
Time frame: Baseline
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Jan 2026.
- Background: PubMed 39486588Maden C, Gozacan Karabulut D, Bagci B. Validity and reliability of an immersive virtual reality adaptation of the 6-minute pegboard and ring test. Hand Surg Rehabil. 2025 Feb;44(1):101981. doi: 10.1016/j.hansur.2024.101981. Epub 2024 Oct 30.
- Background: PubMed 40605090Bayram GA, Sahin GE, Yilmaz G, Tayboga UI, Celik AG, Yildirim Y, Saribas PK, Tarakci D. Integration of the wingate anaerobic test into a virtual reality- based evaluation system. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Jul 2;17(1):163. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01220-4.
- Background: PubMed 37033028Ali SG, Wang X, Li P, Jung Y, Bi L, Kim J, Chen Y, Feng DD, Magnenat Thalmann N, Wang J, Sheng B. A systematic review: Virtual-reality-based techniques for human exercises and health improvement. Front Public Health. 2023 Mar 23;11:1143947. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1143947. eCollection 2023.
- Background: PubMed 26527045Morel M, Bideau B, Lardy J, Kulpa R. Advantages and limitations of virtual reality for balance assessment and rehabilitation. Neurophysiol Clin. 2015 Nov;45(4-5):315-26. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2015.09.007. Epub 2015 Oct 31.
- Background: PubMed 35252318Scott H, Griffin C, Coggins W, Elberson B, Abdeldayem M, Virmani T, Larson-Prior LJ, Petersen E. Virtual Reality in the Neurosciences: Current Practice and Future Directions. Front Surg. 2022 Feb 18;8:807195. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.807195. eCollection 2021.
- Background: PubMed 29376669Rizzo AS, Koenig ST. Is clinical virtual reality ready for primetime? Neuropsychology. 2017 Nov;31(8):877-899. doi: 10.1037/neu0000405.
- Background: PubMed 34207604Munoz-Bermejo L, Adsuar JC, Mendoza-Munoz M, Barrios-Fernandez S, Garcia-Gordillo MA, Perez-Gomez J, Carlos-Vivas J. Test-Retest Reliability of Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST) in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biology (Basel). 2021 Jun 9;10(6):510. doi: 10.3390/biology10060510.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
İsmail ÖZSOY, Assoc. Prof. Dr. study chair
Selcuk University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Konya, Türkiye
Yusuf ÖZBAĞ study chair
Selcuk University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Konya, Türkiye
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Functional Mobility and Virtual Reality-Based Functional Assessment, run by Selcuk University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Jan 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Mehmet K ALTUNOK, PHD(c) in PT (5558175133 ext. +90, mehmetkaan.altunok@selcuk.edu.tr), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand Test - Virtual Reality (5STS-VR) (time frame: Baseline and 1-week follow-up). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07362368, which also lists 7 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Jan 2026.