Developmental Coordination DisorderNCT07486856
Motor-Cognitive Integrated Intervention for Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder
A study testing Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AOMI) Training, Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) Training and General Physical Activities in people with Developmental Coordination Disorder, run by Shanghai University of Sport at 1 site in China.
Trial summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy of an Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AOMI) combined with Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) intervention for children aged 7 to 11 years with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 7 to 11 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Developmental Coordination Disorder
- What is being tested?
- Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AOMI) Training, Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) Training and General Physical Activities
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 20 participants
- Where
- 1 siteChina
- Study dates
- 1 Mar 2025to 30 Jun 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 7 to 11 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child
Who may be able to join
- Aged 7 to 11 years, currently enrolled as a primary school student.
- Meets the diagnostic characteristics of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) according to the DSM-5 criteria, confirmed via standardized screening tools.
- Total percentile score ≤ 16, or any subtest percentile score ≤ 5 on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2).
- Score on the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCD-Q) meets the screening cut-off for the corresponding age group.
- Parent/guardian reports that motor coordination issues have existed since early development.
- Possesses basic comprehension skills to understand researchers' instructions and complete motor training and cognitive tasks.
- Able to participate independently in daily school activities without severe motor functional limitations.
- Capable of completing the majority of the intervention sessions and the entire testing protocol.
Who cannot join
- Currently receiving systematic specialized sports training or competitive athletic training.
- Recent surgery or acute injury that significantly impairs motor capacity.
- Severe neurological diseases or other health conditions that may affect motor performance.
- Co-morbidity with severe intellectual disability, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), or other developmental disorders that significantly affect the ability to participate in the experiment.
- Currently receiving rehabilitation treatments or other systematic motor intervention programs (e.g., physical therapy, occupational therapy, or psychomotor training).
- Inability to complete the behavioral tests or cooperate with the research procedures.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
China1 site
Shanghai University of Sport
Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, 200438
About this study
Official title: A School-based Motor-cognitive Integrated Training Programme Improves Executive Function and Motor Competence in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder
The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy of an Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AOMI) combined with Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) intervention for children aged 7 to 11 years with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The main questions it aims to answer are:
Does the AOMI combined with FMS intervention improve basic motor proficiency and posture control in children with DCD?
Read more
Does this integrated motor-cognitive intervention enhance executive functions, specifically cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and spatial working memory?
Researchers will compare an experimental group (receiving 30 minutes of AOMI and 30 minutes of FMS per session) to a control group (receiving 30 minutes of FMS and 30 minutes of non-specific activities) to see if the combined approach yields superior outcomes.
A total of 20 strictly screened children with DCD will participate. Both groups will attend 60-minute intervention sessions, 3 times a week, for a total of 10 weeks, while maintaining their normal daily school activities.
Read the detailed description
This study employs a single-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a 2 (Time: pre-test, post-test) × 2 (Group: experimental, control) mixed design framework to investigate the empirical effects of a motor-cognitive integrated intervention for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD).
Following a comprehensive screening process to identify eligible participants, children are randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the active control group.
During the 10-week intervention period, participants in both groups attend sessions three times per week. The experimental group receives a structured motor-cognitive integrated training program that uniquely combines Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AOMI) with physical Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) training. The control group participates in standard FMS training matched for duration and frequency, alongside general physical activities without the specialized cognitive training elements.
To evaluate the overall efficacy of the integrated approach, comprehensive assessments evaluating motor proficiency, postural control, and executive functions are conducted by blinded assessors before the intervention begins (baseline) and immediately after the 10-week intervention concludes.
All study procedures adhere strictly to ethical guidelines, and informed consent is obtained from the legal guardians of all participating children prior to the commencement of the research.
- Conditions
- Developmental Coordination Disorder
- Being tested
- Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AOMI) Training, Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) Training, General Physical Activities
- Medical subject headings
- Motor Skills Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AOMI) TrainingBehavioural
A computerized "observe-imagine-execute" cognitive training framework aimed at enhancing internal motor representations via visual observation and mental imagery. This component lasts for 30 minutes per session.
Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) TrainingBehavioural
Physical training progressively focusing on core locomotor and object control skills (e.g., running, jumping, kicking, throwing, catching). This component lasts for 30 minutes per session.
General Physical ActivitiesBehavioural
Non-specific physical activities lacking specialized cognitive training elements, serving as a time-matched control condition. This component lasts for 30 minutes per session.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| AOMI Combined with FMS Intervention Group | Experimental | Participants will receive a 10-week motor-cognitive integrated training program, consisting of 60-minute sessions conducted 3 times per week. Receives: Behavioral: Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AOMI) Training; Behavioral: Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) Training |
| Standard FMS Intervention Group | Active comparator | Participants will receive a 10-week pure motor intervention, consisting of 60-minute sessions conducted 3 times per week. Receives: Behavioral: Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) Training; Behavioral: General Physical Activities |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Inhibitory Control Assessed by the Stroop Task
A computerized task evaluating automated response inhibition under conflict. Stimuli are four Chinese color words presented in congruent or incongruent font colors (1:1 ratio). Participants must ignore the meaning and respond only to the font color. The task consists of 68 trials. Performance is assessed via RT and accuracy.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Cognitive Flexibility Assessed by the More-Odd Shifting
A computerized task evaluating rule-switching ability. Stimuli (digits 1-9, excluding 5) require magnitude, parity, or color-cued judgments. Task 1 and 2 are single-rule blocks (58 trials each). Task 3 is a mixed-rule block (59 trials) producing switch and non-switch conditions. Performance is evaluated via Reaction Time (RT) and accuracy.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Spatial Working Memory Assessed by the 16-Grid Paradigm
A computerized task assessing spatial information retention and updating in a 4x4 grid. 4 black squares are presented (1000ms), followed by a blank screen (1000ms), and a target stimulus. Participants judge whether the target is the original pattern rotated by 90°. The task consists of 90 trials divided into 4 blocks.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Secondary outcomes (10)
Change in Gross Motor Skills Assessed by the BOT-2
The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2) evaluates gross motor skills, including balance, bilateral coordination, and running speed. The Total Motor Composite standard score will be reported. The standard score ranges from a minimum of 20 to a maximum of 80. Higher scores indicate better gross motor proficiency and coordination.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Gross Motor Development Assessed by the TGMD-3
The Test of Gross Motor Development - Third Edition (TGMD-3) evaluates fundamental locomotor and object control skills. The total score is calculated based on the performance criteria of the skills. The total score ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 100. Higher scores indicate better overall gross motor development.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Dynamic Postural Control Assessed by the Y-Balance
Measures maximum controlled reach distance in three directions while maintaining a single-leg stance.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Static Postural Control Assessed by the Single-Leg Stance Test with Eyes Closed
Participants stand on one leg with their eyes closed. The duration (in seconds) they can successfully maintain balance is recorded to evaluate static postural control and proprioceptive integration capacity.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention 10weeks
Change in Lower Limb Coordination Assessed by the Side Hop Test
Participants perform continuous lateral jumps back and forth over a set distance within a limited time. The total number of successful jumps is recorded to reflect lower limb coordination and rapid posture adjustment ability.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention 10 weeks
Change in Sprinting Speed Assessed by the 50-Meter Dash
The time taken (in seconds) to complete a 50-meter sprint is recorded to evaluate physical speed and acceleration capabilities.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Coordination and Cardiopulmonary Endurance Assessed by the 1-Minute Jump Rope Test
The number of valid jumps completed within one minute is recorded to reflect whole-body coordination and cardiopulmonary endurance levels.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Lower Limb Explosive Power Assessed by the Standing Long Jump
The maximum valid horizontal jump distance (in centimeters) is recorded to evaluate the explosive power of the lower limbs.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Core Muscle Endurance Assessed by the 1-Minute Sit-Up Test
The number of correctly performed sit-ups completed in one minute is recorded to evaluate trunk and core muscle endurance.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Flexibility Assessed by the Sit-and-Reach Test
The maximum forward reach distance (in centimeters) is recorded to evaluate the flexibility of the lower back and hamstring muscles.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Mar 2026
- Study start1 Mar 2025
- Primary completion30 Jun 2025
- Study completion30 Jun 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Developmental Coordination DisorderStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Shanghai University of Sport
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Zhu kun, Shanghai University of Sport
- Investigators
- kun Zhu, Ph.D., Principal investigator, Shanghai University of Sportbin Zhang, Ph.D., Study chair, Shanghai University of Sport
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07486856
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 102772024RT188
- Status last verified
- Mar 2026
- First submitted
- 16 Mar 2026
- Last updated
- 25 Mar 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Chen JW, Ma GL, Du WQ, Zhang X, Sun B, Zhang B, Zhu K. Motor-cognitive integrated training improves executive function and gross motor skills in children with developmental coordination disorder: a pilot RCT. Pediatr Res. 2026 Oct 13. doi: 10.1038/s41390-026-05549-5. Online ahead of print.
PubMed 42869961
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 25 Mar 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- A School-based Motor-cognitive Integrated Training Programme Improves Executive Function and Motor Competence in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07486856
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 102772024RT188
- Conditions
- Developmental Coordination Disorder
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Shanghai University of SportUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Mar 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Jun 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Jun 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 23 Mar 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy of an Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AOMI) combined with Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) intervention for children aged 7 to 11 years with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The main questions it aims to answer are:
Does the AOMI combined with FMS intervention improve basic motor proficiency and posture control in children with DCD?
Does this integrated motor-cognitive intervention enhance executive functions, specifically cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and spatial working memory?
Researchers will compare an experimental group (receiving 30 minutes of AOMI and 30 minutes of FMS per session) to a control group (receiving 30 minutes of FMS and 30 minutes of non-specific activities) to see if the combined approach yields superior outcomes.
A total of 20 strictly screened children with DCD will participate. Both groups will attend 60-minute intervention sessions, 3 times a week, for a total of 10 weeks, while maintaining their normal daily school activities.
Detailed description
This study employs a single-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a 2 (Time: pre-test, post-test) × 2 (Group: experimental, control) mixed design framework to investigate the empirical effects of a motor-cognitive integrated intervention for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD).
Following a comprehensive screening process to identify eligible participants, children are randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the active control group.
During the 10-week intervention period, participants in both groups attend sessions three times per week. The experimental group receives a structured motor-cognitive integrated training program that uniquely combines Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AOMI) with physical Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) training. The control group participates in standard FMS training matched for duration and frequency, alongside general physical activities without the specialized cognitive training elements.
To evaluate the overall efficacy of the integrated approach, comprehensive assessments evaluating motor proficiency, postural control, and executive functions are conducted by blinded assessors before the intervention begins (baseline) and immediately after the 10-week intervention concludes.
All study procedures adhere strictly to ethical guidelines, and informed consent is obtained from the legal guardians of all participating children prior to the commencement of the research.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| AOMI Combined with FMS Intervention Group | Experimental | Behavioral: Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AOMI) Training, Behavioral: Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) TrainingParticipants will receive a 10-week motor-cognitive integrated training program, consisting of 60-minute sessions conducted 3 times per week. |
| Standard FMS Intervention Group | Active comparator | Behavioral: Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) Training, Behavioral: General Physical ActivitiesParticipants will receive a 10-week pure motor intervention, consisting of 60-minute sessions conducted 3 times per week. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 7 to 11 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (8 listed)
- Aged 7 to 11 years, currently enrolled as a primary school student.
- Meets the diagnostic characteristics of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) according to the DSM-5 criteria, confirmed via standardized screening tools.
- Total percentile score ≤ 16, or any subtest percentile score ≤ 5 on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2).
- Score on the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCD-Q) meets the screening cut-off for the corresponding age group.
- Parent/guardian reports that motor coordination issues have existed since early development.
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Currently receiving systematic specialized sports training or competitive athletic training.
- Recent surgery or acute injury that significantly impairs motor capacity.
- Severe neurological diseases or other health conditions that may affect motor performance.
- Co-morbidity with severe intellectual disability, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), or other developmental disorders that significantly affect the ability to participate in the experiment.
- Currently receiving rehabilitation treatments or other systematic motor intervention programs (e.g., physical therapy, occupational therapy, or psychomotor training).
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AOMI) TrainingA computerized "observe-imagine-execute" cognitive training framework aimed at enhancing internal motor representations via visual observation and mental imagery. This component lasts for 30 minutes per session. | Behavioural | AOMI Combined with FMS Intervention Group |
| Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) TrainingPhysical training progressively focusing on core locomotor and object control skills (e.g., running, jumping, kicking, throwing, catching). This component lasts for 30 minutes per session. | Behavioural | AOMI Combined with FMS Intervention Group, Standard FMS Intervention Group |
| General Physical ActivitiesNon-specific physical activities lacking specialized cognitive training elements, serving as a time-matched control condition. This component lasts for 30 minutes per session. | Behavioural | Standard FMS Intervention Group |
Primary outcome
Change in Inhibitory Control Assessed by the Stroop Task
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
A computerized task evaluating automated response inhibition under conflict. Stimuli are four Chinese color words presented in congruent or incongruent font colors (1:1 ratio). Participants must ignore the meaning and respond only to the font color. The task consists of 68 trials. Performance is assessed via RT and accuracy.
Change in Cognitive Flexibility Assessed by the More-Odd Shifting
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
A computerized task evaluating rule-switching ability. Stimuli (digits 1-9, excluding 5) require magnitude, parity, or color-cued judgments. Task 1 and 2 are single-rule blocks (58 trials each). Task 3 is a mixed-rule block (59 trials) producing switch and non-switch conditions. Performance is evaluated via Reaction Time (RT) and accuracy.
Change in Spatial Working Memory Assessed by the 16-Grid Paradigm
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
A computerized task assessing spatial information retention and updating in a 4x4 grid. 4 black squares are presented (1000ms), followed by a blank screen (1000ms), and a target stimulus. Participants judge whether the target is the original pattern rotated by 90°. The task consists of 90 trials divided into 4 blocks.
10 secondary outcomes
Change in Gross Motor Skills Assessed by the BOT-2
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Gross Motor Development Assessed by the TGMD-3
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Dynamic Postural Control Assessed by the Y-Balance
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Static Postural Control Assessed by the Single-Leg Stance Test with Eyes Closed
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention 10weeks
Change in Lower Limb Coordination Assessed by the Side Hop Test
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention 10 weeks
Change in Sprinting Speed Assessed by the 50-Meter Dash
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Coordination and Cardiopulmonary Endurance Assessed by the 1-Minute Jump Rope Test
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Lower Limb Explosive Power Assessed by the Standing Long Jump
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Core Muscle Endurance Assessed by the 1-Minute Sit-Up Test
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Change in Flexibility Assessed by the Sit-and-Reach Test
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 25 Mar 2026.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 42869961Chen JW, Ma GL, Du WQ, Zhang X, Sun B, Zhang B, Zhu K. Motor-cognitive integrated training improves executive function and gross motor skills in children with developmental coordination disorder: a pilot RCT. Pediatr Res. 2026 Oct 13. doi: 10.1038/s41390-026-05549-5. Online ahead of print.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
kun Zhu, Ph.D. principal investigator
Shanghai University of Sport
bin Zhang, Ph.D. study chair
Shanghai University of Sport
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AOMI) Training, Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) Training and General Physical Activities in people with Developmental Coordination Disorder, run by Shanghai University of Sport at 1 site in China.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 8 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 25 Mar 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in China. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Inhibitory Control Assessed by the Stroop Task (time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (10 weeks).). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07486856, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 25 Mar 2026.