Exercise PerformanceNCT07497685

Effects of Different Caffeine Forms on Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Performance

A study testing Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Coun in people with Exercise Performance and Physical Performance, run by University of Gaziantep at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record

Search all trials

Trial summary

Who is it for?: Ages 18 to 25 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for: Exercise Performance, Physical Performance
What is being tested?: Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Coun
Type of treatment: Pill or oral medicine
Could I receive a placebo?: No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people: 14 participants
Where: 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
Study dates: 20 Apr 2026to 30 Jun 2026
Phase: Interventional
Are there results?: None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

Ages 18 to 25 years
Men only
Healthy volunteers accepted
Adult

Who may be able to join

Healthy male recreational athletes aged 18-25 years.
At least 2 years of regular training history (3-4 sessions per week).
Non-smoker.No diagnosed chronic disease.
No current musculoskeletal injury.
Willingness to abstain from caffeine consumption for 48 hours before each test session.
Willingness to avoid strenuous exercise for 48 hours before each test session.

Who cannot join

Known allergy or sensitivity to caffeine.
Use of any performance-enhancing supplements during the study period.
Failure to comply with the standardized nutritional requirements before testing.
Failure to comply with the standardized sleep requirements before testing.
Inability to complete all experimental conditions (Capsule, Gum, Rinse, and Placebo).

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

Turkey (Türkiye)1 site

Gaziantep University, Faculty of Sport Science (Athletic Performance Laboratory)
Şehitkamil, Gaziantep, 27310

Other trials in Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

Official title: Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Counterbalanced Crossover Trial

This study investigated the effects of different caffeine delivery forms on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance in healthy adults. Participants completed experimental trials involving caffeine capsule ingestion, caffeine gum chewing, and caffeine mouth rinse conditions. Aerobic performance was assessed using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and anaerobic performance was evaluated using the Wingate anaerobic test. The study used a randomized crossover design where each participant completed all experimental conditions.

Read the detailed description

Caffeine is widely used as an ergogenic aid to enhance athletic performance. Different forms of caffeine administration such as capsules, chewing gum, and mouth rinses may produce different physiological responses due to differences in absorption rate and oral receptor stimulation. However, limited research has directly compared these delivery methods within the same participants.

This randomized crossover study aimed to compare the effects of caffeine capsule ingestion, caffeine gum chewing, and caffeine mouth rinse on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. Fourteen healthy adults participated in the study and completed experimental trials under each caffeine condition. Aerobic performance was measured using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), while anaerobic performance was assessed using the Wingate anaerobic test. The results of this study may help clarify the effectiveness of different caffeine delivery forms for improving exercise performance.

Conditions: Exercise Performance, Physical Performance
Being tested: Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Coun
Keywords: Caffeine, Aerobic Performance, Anaerobic Performance, VO2max, Wingate Test, Ergogenic Aid, Exercise Physiology

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized CounOther
This study evaluates the acute effects of three distinct caffeine delivery methods compared to a placebo, using a standardized total dose of 300 mg of caffeine across all active interventions. The study is a randomized, counterbalanced crossover trial involving 14 recreational male athletes. The interventions are distinguished by their specific absorption kinetics and ecologically valid administration timings

Study groups in NCT07497685
Study group	Role	What they receive
Caffeine Capsule	Experimental	Participants ingest 300 mg of anhydrous caffeine in tablet form with 100 mL of water exactly 60 minutes prior to exercise. This timing is selected to allow for gastrointestinal absorption and to reach peak plasma concentration. Receives: Other: Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Coun
Caffeine Gum	Experimental	Participants chew caffeinated gum (containing 300 mg of caffeine) for 5 minutes, finishing just before the exercises begin. This method utilizes rapid transmucosal absorption through the oral mucosa to potentially bypass first-pass metabolism. Receives: Other: Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Coun
Caffeine Mouth Rinse	Experimental	Participants rinse with 25 mL of a 1.2% caffeine solution (containing 300 mg of caffeine) for 10 seconds immediately before the exercises and then expectorate the solution completely. Swallowing is strictly prohibited to ensure the effect is triggered primarily through oropharyngeal receptors rather than systemic absorption. Receives: Other: Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Coun

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

Aerobic Capacity (VO2max)
Description: Estimated maximal oxygen uptake calculated via the 20-meter shuttle run test (Beep Test).Metric: Milliliters per kilogram per minute (ml/kg/min)
Measured: Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention
Aerobic Capacity (VO2max)
Estimated maximal oxygen uptake calculated via the 20-meter shuttle run test (Beep Test).
Measured: Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention
Anaerobic Average Power
The mean power output maintained over the duration of a 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Test
Measured: Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention.

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

20 Apr 202630 Jun 2026

First posted27 Mar 2026
Study start20 Apr 2026
Primary completion30 Jun 2026
Study completion30 Jun 2026

Resources

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
Publications (10)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
Other trials for Exercise PerformanceStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design

Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase N/A
Primary purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Crossover
Model description: Participants completed all experimental conditions in a randomized crossover order. Each participant performed exercise tests under three different caffeine administration conditions (caffeine capsule, caffeine gum, and caffeine mouth rinse). The order of the conditions was randomized, and adequate washout periods were provided between trials to minimize carryover effects.
Masking: None (open label)
Enrolment: 14 participants (actual)

IDs, dates and publications

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT07497685
Sponsor's protocol ID: GAUN-EXERCISE-CAFFEINE
Status last verified: Aug 2026
First submitted: 23 Mar 2026
Last updated: 20 Aug 2026
Results posted: No
Data monitoring committee: Yes
FDA-regulated drug: No
FDA-regulated device: No
Individual data sharing: Yes: The individual participant data that underlie the results reported in this article, after de-identification (text, tables, figures, and appendices), will be made available to researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal. Data will be available beginning 6 months and ending 36 months following publication. Requests should be directed to mehmetvrl27@hotmail.com. To gain access, data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement.

Publications

https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.34607
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0776-1
https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1601261
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0257-8
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100278
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010008
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0848-2
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4
https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0070
https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v25i3.14659

Want to know more?

The sponsor has not listed a contact. The official record may have more details.

Talk to your doctor first and take this page with you. Only the study team can confirm whether you can join.

Questions to ask the study team

What is the study trying to find out?
What would I need to do, and how often would I visit?
Could I receive a placebo instead of the treatment?
What are the possible risks and benefits for me?
Will it cost me anything? Are travel or time paid for?
Can I keep seeing my own doctor during the study?
What happens when the study ends?

See locations

Not yet recruiting
Motor Imagery and Turning Practice to Improve Mobility: Pilot Trial
Mobility Impairment, Community Dwelling Older Adults
Not yet recruiting
A Comparison of the Effects of Exercise Methods for Adolescent Hyperkyphosis on the Sensorimotor System
Kyphosis Postural Thoracic, Kyphosis
Recruiting
Acute Effects of Post-Exercise Hyperoxia on Recovery in Cycling
Athletic Performance, Hyperbaric Oxygenation
Not yet recruiting
Effects of Virtual Reality Exergaming on Reaction Time, Physical Performance, and Muscle Activity in Children
Neuromuscular Performance, Reaction Time
Not yet recruiting
EFFECT OF ADDING BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION TRAINING TO CLOSED CHAIN EXERCISE IN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Knee Osteoarthritis

All Exercise Performance trials

Study at a glance

From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 20 Aug 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.

Official title: Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Counterbalanced Crossover Trial
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT07497685
Acronym / sponsor ID: GAUN-EXERCISE-CAFFEINE
Conditions: Exercise Performance, Physical Performance
Keywords: Caffeine, Aerobic Performance, Anaerobic Performance, VO2max, Wingate Test, Ergogenic Aid, Exercise Physiology
Study type: Interventional
Recruitment status: Completed
Enrolment: 14 participants (actual)
Lead sponsor: University of GaziantepUniversity, hospital or other
Study start: 20 Apr 2026 (actual)
Primary completion: 30 Jun 2026 (actual)
Study completion: 30 Jun 2026 (actual)
First posted: 27 Mar 2026 (actual)
Results: Not posted in the source record

Clinical summary

The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.

Detailed description

Study design

Primary purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Crossover
Masking: None (open label)
Number of arms: 3
Model description: Participants completed all experimental conditions in a randomized crossover order. Each participant performed exercise tests under three different caffeine administration conditions (caffeine capsule, caffeine gum, and caffeine mouth rinse). The order of the conditions was randomized, and adequate washout periods were provided between trials to minimize carryover effects.

Arm	Type	Receives
Caffeine Capsule	Experimental	Other: Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized CounParticipants ingest 300 mg of anhydrous caffeine in tablet form with 100 mL of water exactly 60 minutes prior to exercise. This timing is selected to allow for gastrointestinal absorption and to reach peak plasma concentration.
Caffeine Gum	Experimental	Other: Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized CounParticipants chew caffeinated gum (containing 300 mg of caffeine) for 5 minutes, finishing just before the exercises begin. This method utilizes rapid transmucosal absorption through the oral mucosa to potentially bypass first-pass metabolism.
Caffeine Mouth Rinse	Experimental	Other: Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized CounParticipants rinse with 25 mL of a 1.2% caffeine solution (containing 300 mg of caffeine) for 10 seconds immediately before the exercises and then expectorate the solution completely. Swallowing is strictly prohibited to ensure the effect is triggered primarily through oropharyngeal receptors rather than systemic absorption.

Who may qualify

Ages: 18 to 25 years
Sex: Male only
Healthy volunteers: Accepted
Age groups: Adult

Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)

Healthy male recreational athletes aged 18-25 years.
At least 2 years of regular training history (3-4 sessions per week).
Non-smoker.No diagnosed chronic disease.
No current musculoskeletal injury.
Willingness to abstain from caffeine consumption for 48 hours before each test session.

Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)

Known allergy or sensitivity to caffeine.
Use of any performance-enhancing supplements during the study period.
Failure to comply with the standardized nutritional requirements before testing.
Failure to comply with the standardized sleep requirements before testing.
Inability to complete all experimental conditions (Capsule, Gum, Rinse, and Placebo).

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Interventions

Intervention	Type	Arms
Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized CounThis study evaluates the acute effects of three distinct caffeine delivery methods compared to a placebo, using a standardized total dose of 300 mg of caffeine across all active interventions. The study is a randomized, counterbalanced crossover trial involving 14 recreational male athletes. The interventions are distinguished by their specific absorption kinetics and ecologically valid administration timings	Other	Caffeine Capsule, Caffeine Gum, Caffeine Mouth Rinse

Primary outcome

Aerobic Capacity (VO2max)
Time frame: Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention
Description: Estimated maximal oxygen uptake calculated via the 20-meter shuttle run test (Beep Test).Metric: Milliliters per kilogram per minute (ml/kg/min)
Aerobic Capacity (VO2max)
Time frame: Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention
Estimated maximal oxygen uptake calculated via the 20-meter shuttle run test (Beep Test).
Anaerobic Average Power
Time frame: Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention.
The mean power output maintained over the duration of a 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Test

Results and safety

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

Research links

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 20 Aug 2026.
Backgroundhttps://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.34607
Backgroundhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0776-1
Backgroundhttps://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1601261
Backgroundhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0257-8
Backgroundhttps://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100278
Backgroundhttps://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010008
Backgroundhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0848-2
Backgroundhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4
Backgroundhttps://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0070
Backgroundhttps://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v25i3.14659
Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. The individual participant data that underlie the results reported in this article, after de-identification (text, tables, figures, and appendices), will be made available to researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal. Data will be available beginning 6 months and ending 36 months following publication. Requests should be directed to mehmetvrl27@hotmail.com. To gain access, data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement.

Related trials for Exercise Performance

Not yet recruiting
Motor Imagery and Turning Practice to Improve Mobility: Pilot Trial
Mobility Impairment, Community Dwelling Older Adults
Not yet recruiting
A Comparison of the Effects of Exercise Methods for Adolescent Hyperkyphosis on the Sensorimotor System
Kyphosis Postural Thoracic, Kyphosis
Recruiting
Acute Effects of Post-Exercise Hyperoxia on Recovery in Cycling
Athletic Performance, Hyperbaric Oxygenation
Not yet recruiting
Effects of Virtual Reality Exergaming on Reaction Time, Physical Performance, and Muscle Activity in Children
Neuromuscular Performance, Reaction Time
Not yet recruiting
EFFECT OF ADDING BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION TRAINING TO CLOSED CHAIN EXERCISE IN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Knee Osteoarthritis

Referral and contact

AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.

The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.

1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 20 Aug 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Aerobic Capacity (VO2max) (time frame: Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07497685, which also lists 10 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 20 Aug 2026.