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Nursing StudentsAI-VRSNCT07518199

The Effect of an Artificial Intelligence-Supported Virtual Reality Simulation on Nursing Students' Holistic Care Skills

A study testing AI-VRS in people with Nursing Students and Decision-Making, run by Gazi University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).

Not yet recruiting

Opening soon. The study is approved but enrolment has not started yet. Sites may already take enquiries.

Sites and contacts
Official record
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Trial summary

This study aims to evaluate the effect of artificial intelligence (AI)-supported virtual reality (VR) simulation on nursing students' holistic care skills. The study is a randomised controlled trial involving fourth-year nursing students, divided into an experimental and a control group. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Any age
What is being tested?
AI-VRS
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
80 participants
Where
1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
Study dates
Apr 2026to May 2026
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
Not yet: the study is under way

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages Any age
  • All sexes
  • No healthy volunteers
  • Child, Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • Voluntary participation in the study,
  • Having enrolled for the first time in the courses HEM 402 Professional Practice I and HEM 404 Professional Practice II in the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences,
  • Absence of eye conditions affecting depth perception, such as amblyopia (lazy eye), anisometropia(different refractive errors in each eye), and strabismus (squint). (Self- report is accepted.),
  • Academic performance score between 2.00 and 4.00.,

Who cannot join

  • Having received training in holistic care skills in addition to their undergraduate nursing degree,
  • Having experience with virtual simulation exercises focused on holistic care skills,
  • Holding a high school, foundation year or undergraduate degree in a health-related field,
  • Having difficulty understanding and speaking Turkish,
  • Criteria for Exclusion from the Study:
  • The participant has not completed or has incompletely completed the required forms and scales,
Show all 10Show fewer
  • The participant in the experimental group had not taken part in or completed the AI-supported virtual reality simulation,
  • Students in the control group did not take part in the educational case study,
  • Students in the experimental and control groups did not take part in the assessment case study,
  • The participant wishes to withdraw from the study,

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.

Nurcan Çalışkan, Prof., PhD contact

+90 312 216 2653

nurcany@gazi.edu.tr

Özlem Tikit, Research Assistant, PhD student contact

+90 0554 756 58 04

ozlemtikit@gazi.edu.tr

Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
  • Gazi University Nursing Faculty

    Ankara, 06500

    Nurcan Çalışkan, Prof., PhD, +0312 216 26 53, nurcany@gazi.edu.tr

    Özlem Tikit, Research Assistant, PhD student, +90 0554 756 58 04, ozlemtikit@gazi.edu.tr

Other trials in Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

This study aims to evaluate the effect of artificial intelligence (AI)-supported virtual reality (VR) simulation on nursing students' holistic care skills. The study is a randomised controlled trial involving fourth-year nursing students, divided into an experimental and a control group. Whilst the experimental group will receive AI-supported VR simulation training, the control group will receive traditional case-based training. Outcomes to be assessed include decision-making, symptom identification, nursing diagnosis, simulation design and satisfaction with the training methods.

Read the detailed description

This study will evaluate the effect of an artificial intelligence-supported virtual reality (VR) simulation on nursing students' holistic care skills. The study is designed as a pre-post, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial involving 80 fourth-year nursing students (40 in the experimental group and 40 in the control group). Eligible participants will complete a demographic form and the Melbourne Decision-Making Scale at the outset. Participants will be stratified by overall academic grade point average and prior VR experience, and randomly assigned to groups by an independent statistician.

Whilst the intervention group receives AI-supported VR simulation training, the control group will receive traditional case-based training using the same case scenario to ensure comparability. Both the training case and the assessment case, along with the assessment criteria, will be developed based on expert consensus.

Two weeks after the intervention, both groups will complete a case study assessment. Data collection will include the Melbourne Decision-Making Scale, nursing diagnosis and symptom identification results, and satisfaction measures. The statistician will be blinded, and appropriate statistical tests will be applied based on the data distribution.

Being tested
AI-VRS, Control
Keywords
Artificial Intelligence, Simulation Training, Immersive Virtual Reality, Nursing Education, Holistic Care, Nursing Diagnoses, Educational Technology

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • AI-VRSOther

    This intervention consists of an AI-supported virtual reality (VR) simulation designed to improve nursing students' holistic care skills. Participants interact with a virtual patient to perform patient history-taking, identify symptoms, and formulate nursing diagnoses across the dimensions of holistic care (physical, psychological, social, and spiritual). The simulation is delivered using Meta Quest 3 VR headsets and incorporates artificial intelligence to provide dynamic, responsive patient interactions. The intervention includes structured simulation scenarios with high-fidelity graphics and interactive decision-making processes to support skill acquisition.

  • ControlOther

    This intervention consists of traditional case-based training delivered through presentations and question-and-answer discussions. Participants will analyse case scenarios and receive feedback from instructors. This approach provides a practical learning experience without using VR technology.

Study groups in NCT07518199
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
AI-VRSExperimentalAt the start of the study, participants will be asked to complete a demographic questionnaire and the Melbourne Decision-Making Scale. They will then be assigned to research groups based on their overall academic grade point average and their experience with virtual reality (VR) headsets. Before the intervention, participants will be provided with a pre-intervention information guide. The experimental group will undergo training using an AI-supported VR simulation designed to facilitate taking a patient history, identifying symptoms, and determining a nursing diagnosis. Two weeks after the training, concurrently with the control group, they will undertake an assessment case study in which they must analyse the case individually, without instructor support, to identify nursing diagnoses and symptoms. They will then complete the Melbourne Decision-Making Scale, the Simulation Design Scale, and a satisfaction questionnaire regarding the training methods.
Receives: Other: AI-VRS
ControlOtherAt baseline, participants will complete a demographic questionnaire and the Melbourne Decision-Making Scale. Participants will then be allocated to study groups using a stratified randomisation approach based on academic grade point average and prior experience with VR headsets. The control group will receive traditional case-based training using written clinical scenarios. Following the training, a two-week interval will be observed. After this period, both the control and experimental groups will complete an assessment case simultaneously. During this assessment, participants will be required to independently analyse the case, identify the patient's symptoms, and formulate appropriate nursing diagnoses without instructor support. After completing the assessment, participants will again complete the Melbourne Decision-Making Scale as a post-test measure.
Receives: Other: Control

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Nursing Diagnosis and Symptom Identification within a Holistic Care Framework

    Participants' ability to correctly identify patient symptoms and formulate appropriate nursing diagnoses will be evaluated using a structured assessment form. In addition to overall accuracy, performance will be assessed based on the inclusion of multiple dimensions of holistic care (physical, psychological, social, and spiritual). Higher scores will indicate greater diagnostic accuracy in nursing and more comprehensive holistic care assessment.

    Measured: 2 weeks post-intervention (assessment case study)

Secondary outcomes (3)
  1. Melbourne Decision-Making Scale

    Used to assess changes in decision-making skills. Higher scores indicate better decision-making performance.The Melbourne Decision-Making Scale consists of two parts. MKVÖ I: This scale is designed to assess self-esteem (self-confidence) in decision-making. The maximum score on the scale is 12. High scores indicate high self-esteem in decision-making. MKVÖ II: The scale measures decision-making styles. In the scoring of MKVÖ II, the following score ranges are used: cautious (0-12), avoidant (0-12), procrastinating (0-10), and panicked (0-10).

    Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and 2 weeks post-intervention (assessment case study)

  2. Simulation Design Scale

    Assessed using the Simulation Design Scale to evaluate participants' perceptions of the simulation design. Higher scores indicate more positive evaluations. The scale consists of five subscales-"Goals and Knowledge," "Support," "Problem Solving," "Feedback/Guided Reflection," and "Authenticity"-and twenty items. The number of items in each subscale is as follows: the "Goals and Knowledge" subscale has 5 items, the "Support" subscale has 4 items, the "Problem Solving" subscale has 5 items, the "Feedback/Guided Reflection" subscale has 4 items, and the "Degree of Authenticity" subscale has 2 items. The scale, administered in two sections, measures students' opinions on whether the best simulation design elements were implemented in the simulation application in the first section and on the extent to which the simulation application is important to students in the second section.

    Measured: 2 weeks post-intervention

  3. Satisfaction Survey Regarding Teaching Methods

    Student satisfaction will be assessed immediately after completion of the VR training to capture participants' perceptions of the training experience. Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction.The survey is scored on a scale of 16 to 80 points.

    Measured: 2 weeks post-intervention

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted8 Apr 2026
  2. Study startApr 2026 (estimated)
  3. Primary completionApr 2026 (estimated)
  4. Study completionMay 2026 (estimated)

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Other
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Model description
Parallel-group, pre-test/post-test randomized controlled trial.
Masking
None (open label)
Enrolment
80 participants (estimated)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT07518199
Sponsor's protocol ID
2025-1069
Other IDs
2025-10282, 2025
Acronym
AI-VRS
Status last verified
Mar 2026
First submitted
30 Mar 2026
Last updated
8 Apr 2026
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
No

Publications

  • Hopewell S, Chan AW, Collins GS, Hrobjartsson A, Moher D, Schulz KF, Tunn R, Aggarwal R, Berkwits M, Berlin JA, Bhandari N, Butcher NJ, Campbell MK, Chidebe RCW, Elbourne D, Farmer A, Fergusson DA, Golub RM, Goodman SN, Hoffmann TC, Ioannidis JPA, Kahan BC, Knowles RL, Lamb SE, Lewis S, Loder E, Offringa M, Ravaud P, Richards DP, Rockhold FW, Schriger DL, Siegfried NL, Staniszewska S, Taylor RS, Thabane L, Torgerson D, Vohra S, White IR, Boutron I. CONSORT 2025 statement: updated guideline for reporting randomised trials. BMJ. 2025 Apr 14;389:e081123. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2024-081123.

    PubMed 40228833
  • INACSL Standards Committee, Decker, S., Sapp, A., Bibin, L., Chidume, T., Crawford, S. B., Fayyaz, J., Johnson, B. K., & Szydlowski, J. (2025d). Healthcare Simulation Standards of Best Practice®: The Debriefing Process. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 105, 101775-101775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2025.101775

  • INACSL Standards Committee, DiGregorio, H., Todd, A., Blackwell, B., Brennan, B. A., Repsha, C., Shelton, C. M., Vaughn, J., Wands, L., Wruble, E., & Yeager, C. (2025c). Healthcare Simulation Standards of Best PracticeⓇ Facilitation. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2025.101776

  • INACSL Standards Committee, Watts, P.I, McDermott, D.S., Alinier, G., Charnetski, M., Ludlow, J., Horsley, E., Meakim, C., & Nawathe, P. (2021b). Healthcare Simulation Standards of Best Practice® Simulation Design. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2021.08.009.

  • INACSL Standards Committee. (2021a). Healthcare Simulation Standard of Best Practice® Prebriefing: Preparation and briefing Persico, Lori et al. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, Volume 105, 101777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2025.101777 1876-1399

  • INACSL Standards Committee, Persico, L., Wilson-Keates, B., DiGregorio, H., Decker, S., & Xavier, N. (2025a). Preamble: Grounded in Excellence: The Cornerstone Healthcare Simulation Standards of Best Practice®. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2025.101774

  • INACSL Standards Committee, Persico, L., Ramakrishnan, S., Wilson-Keates, B., Catena, R., Charnetski, M., Fogg, N., Jones, M. C., Ludlow, J., MacLean, H., Simmons, V. C., Smeltzer, S., & Wilk, A. (2025b). Healthcare Simulation Standard of Best Practice® Prebriefing: Preparation and briefing. Clinical Simulation in Nursing https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2025.101777

  • Ackley, B. J., & Ladwig, G. B. (2024). Hemşirelik tanıları el kitabı: Bakım planlamasında kanıta dayalı rehber (Z. Göçmen Baykara, N. Çalışkan, E. Gülnar, E. Sarıtaş, & G. Eyüboğlu, Ed. ve çev., 13. baskı). Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri. ISBN:978-625-6448-92-6.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing AI-VRS in people with Nursing Students and Decision-Making, run by Gazi University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 8 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

Contact Nurcan Çalışkan, Prof., PhD (+90 312 216 2653, nurcany@gazi.edu.tr), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Nursing Diagnosis and Symptom Identification within a Holistic Care Framework (time frame: 2 weeks post-intervention (assessment case study)). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07518199, which also lists 8 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 8 Apr 2026.

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