Ventrogluteal InjectionAR3D-VGINCT07583537
Augmented Reality and 3D Model-Based Ventrogluteal Injection Training in Nursing Students (AR3D-VGI)
A study testing Augmented Reality Group and 3D Model Group in people with Ventrogluteal Injection and Intramuscular Injection, run by Karabuk University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a skills training program-conducted using augmented reality (AR) and 3D model technologies-on first-year nursing students' knowledge, skills, anxiety, and satisfaction, as well as the retention of learning, regarding the correct identification of the injection site… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any ageHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Ventrogluteal Injection, Intramuscular Injection, Nursing Education
- What is being tested?
- Augmented Reality Group and 3D Model Group
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion, Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 146 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 15 May 2026to 12 Jun 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Be enrolled as a first-year student in the Department of Nursing at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Karabük University, during the spring semester of the 2025-2026 academic year.
- Have taken the "Fundamentals of Nursing" course for the first time.
- Have not previously received training in the skill of administering IM injections,
- Be able to speak and understand Turkish.
- Be willing to participate in the study.
Who cannot join
- Failing to complete the research data collection forms in full,
- Having previously taken the "Fundamentals of Nursing" course,
- Withdrawing from the study.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Effect of Ventrogluteal Injection Training Using Augmented Reality and a 3D Model on Nursing Students' Knowledge, Skills, Anxiety and Satisfaction
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a skills training program-conducted using augmented reality (AR) and 3D model technologies-on first-year nursing students' knowledge, skills, anxiety, and satisfaction, as well as the retention of learning, regarding the correct identification of the injection site and the application of the correct technique for intramuscular (IM) injections in the deltoid (VG) region. The hypotheses of the study are as follows:
H1: There is a difference in knowledge scores regarding the administration of intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region between the AR group and the control group.
Read more
H2: There is a difference in skill scores regarding the administration of intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and control groups.
H3: There is a difference in state anxiety scores regarding the administration of intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and control groups.
H4: There is a difference in satisfaction scores regarding training methods for intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and the control group.
H5: There is a difference in knowledge scores regarding intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model group and the control group.
H6: There is a difference in skill scores regarding intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model group and the control group.
H7: There is a difference in state anxiety scores regarding intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model group and the control group.
H8: There is a difference in satisfaction scores regarding training methods for intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model group and the control group.
H9: There is a difference in retention scores regarding knowledge of intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and control groups.
H10: There is a difference in retention scores regarding knowledge of intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model and control groups.
H11: There is a difference in skill retention scores regarding the application of intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and the control group.
H12: There is a difference in skill retention scores regarding the application of intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model and the control group.
After providing theoretical training to the entire group, the researcher will randomly assign participants and have them practice using the AR, a 3D hip model, and a traditional model. After four weeks, the researcher will assess retention.
Read the detailed description
One of the most common routes nurses use to administer medications is the intramuscular injection. The literature recommends the ventrogluteal region as the safest site for intramuscular injections. However, this site is not widely used in clinical practice, leading to patients experiencing numerous complications related to intramuscular injections. For this reason, it is considered important to teach nursing students-who will become the nurses of the future-how to perform intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region using the correct technique. This way, nursing students will be able to administer medications safely when they begin their careers. Based on this perspective, it was believed that integrating technology into educational processes could facilitate more effective and student-centered learning. To integrate technology into educational processes, it was decided to use an AR-enabled 3D-printed hip model. Since intramuscular injection training in the ventrogluteal region is taught in the Fundamentals of Nursing course, first-year nursing students were included in the study. This research is a randomized controlled trial using AR and 3D modeling technologies.The study will be conducted with first-year nursing students during the spring semester of the 2025-2026 academic year.
- Conditions
- Ventrogluteal Injection, Intramuscular Injection, Nursing Education, Clinical Skills Training, Anxiety, Student Satisfaction
- Being tested
- Augmented Reality Group, 3D Model Group
- Keywords
- Nursing students, intramuscular injection, augmented reality, 3D printer, nursing education
- Medical subject headings
- Anxiety Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Augmented Reality GroupDevice
Students in this group will perform intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region using a Meta Quest 3 headset via an augmented reality-based training application
3D Model GroupDevice
Students in this group will perform intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region using a 3D hip model. The model will be used as visual and tactile learning tools during the training process.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Augmented Reality Group | Experimental | The AR software was developed by a computer engineer using the Unity 3D program. The researcher provided the developer with images of the ventrogluteal region and demonstrated the steps for performing an intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region via video. The developed AR software was ported to the Meta Quest 3 headset, which supports both virtual reality and augmented reality. With the Meta Quest 3 headset, students will be able to view virtual images in a real-world environment and perform the procedure using their hands. Receives: Device: Augmented Reality Group |
| 3D Model Group | Experimental | A 3D scanner and a Creality K2 Plus 3D printer located at the Iron and Steel Institute of Karabük University were used. First, the hip model located in the Anatomy Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine at Karabük University was scanned using the 3D scanner's Blue Laser mode. Subsequently, the 3D model of the scanned hip was processed using 3D software on a computer to define dimensions, create the injection site, and determine the print slices, thereby designing the final pre-print configuration. The model was printed in four parts using the Creality K2 Plus 3D Printer and assembled to create the final model. The left side of the 3D hip model was designed to display anatomical structures for regional training, while the right side was designed to accommodate an injection port for IM injections into the VG region. Receives: Device: 3D Model Group |
| Control group | No intervention | In accordance with traditional educational methods, students will perform an intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region using the model in the laboratory, following the step-by-step procedure. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Ventrogluteal Region Intramuscular Injection Skill Checklist Score
Assessment of students' performance in administering intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region using a standardized skill assessment checklist.Assessment will be conducted by marking "applied" (2 points), "partially applied" (1 point), or "not applied" (0 points) for each step the student performs. The total score obtainable from the Ventrogluteal Region Intramuscular Injection Skills Checklist ranges from 0 to 64.
Measured: Immediately after the intervention and 4 weeks after the intervention
Secondary outcomes (3)
Ventrogluteal Region Intramuscular Injection Knowledge Test Score
Assessment of students' theoretical knowledge using a structured knowledge test.The knowledge test is a multiple-choice test consisting of 32 questions with five options each. Each question on the knowledge test is worth 1 point. The possible score on the test ranges from 0 to 32.Baseline measurement will be used to assess group comparability after randomization.
Measured: Baseline (before theoretical training and randomization), immediately after the intervention, and 4 weeks after the intervention
State Anxiety Scale score
Measurement of students' anxiety levels using an anxiety assessment scale.The State Anxiety Scale consists of 20 items, and the possible scores range from 20 to 80. On the State Anxiety Scale, participants rate their responses on a four-point scale ranging from "Not at all" (1) to "Completely" (4).An increase in the score obtained from the scale indicates higher levels of anxiety, whereas a decrease indicates lower levels of anxiety.
Measured: Immediately after the theoretical training session and immediately after the intervention session
Satisfaction Survey Score for Teaching Methods
Evaluation of students' satisfaction with the educational method using a satisfaction questionnaire.The five-point Likert-type scale consists of 16 items. The lowest possible score on the scale is 16, while the highest is 80.An increase in the score obtained from the scale indicates higher levels of satisfaction with the educational method, whereas a decrease in the score indicates lower levels of satisfaction.
Measured: Immediately after the intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted13 May 2026
- Study start15 May 2026
- Primary completion15 May 2026
- Study completion12 Jun 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Ventrogluteal InjectionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- It is a randomized controlled trial.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 146 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Karabuk University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Meltem Kaya, Karabuk University
- Investigators
- Meltem KAYA, PhD Candidate, Principal investigator, Karabuk UniversityBirgul CERIT, Professor, Study chair, Abant Izzet Baysal University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07583537
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2025/2658
- Other IDs
- 2025/2658
- Acronym
- AR3D-VGI
- Status last verified
- May 2026
- First submitted
- 4 May 2026
- Last updated
- 16 Jun 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Due to ethical considerations and institutional data protection policies, individual participant data will not be shared.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 16 Jun 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effect of Ventrogluteal Injection Training Using Augmented Reality and a 3D Model on Nursing Students' Knowledge, Skills, Anxiety and Satisfaction
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07583537
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- AR3D-VGI / 2025/2658
- Conditions
- Ventrogluteal Injection, Intramuscular Injection, Nursing Education, Clinical Skills Training, Anxiety, Student Satisfaction
- Keywords
- Nursing students, intramuscular injection, augmented reality, 3D printer, nursing education
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 146 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Karabuk UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 15 May 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 May 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 12 Jun 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 13 May 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a skills training program-conducted using augmented reality (AR) and 3D model technologies-on first-year nursing students' knowledge, skills, anxiety, and satisfaction, as well as the retention of learning, regarding the correct identification of the injection site and the application of the correct technique for intramuscular (IM) injections in the deltoid (VG) region. The hypotheses of the study are as follows:
H1: There is a difference in knowledge scores regarding the administration of intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region between the AR group and the control group.
H2: There is a difference in skill scores regarding the administration of intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and control groups.
H3: There is a difference in state anxiety scores regarding the administration of intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and control groups.
H4: There is a difference in satisfaction scores regarding training methods for intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and the control group.
H5: There is a difference in knowledge scores regarding intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model group and the control group.
H6: There is a difference in skill scores regarding intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model group and the control group.
H7: There is a difference in state anxiety scores regarding intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model group and the control group.
H8: There is a difference in satisfaction scores regarding training methods for intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model group and the control group.
H9: There is a difference in retention scores regarding knowledge of intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and control groups.
H10: There is a difference in retention scores regarding knowledge of intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model and control groups.
H11: There is a difference in skill retention scores regarding the application of intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and the control group.
H12: There is a difference in skill retention scores regarding the application of intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model and the control group.
After providing theoretical training to the entire group, the researcher will randomly assign participants and have them practice using the AR, a 3D hip model, and a traditional model. After four weeks, the researcher will assess retention.
Detailed description
One of the most common routes nurses use to administer medications is the intramuscular injection. The literature recommends the ventrogluteal region as the safest site for intramuscular injections. However, this site is not widely used in clinical practice, leading to patients experiencing numerous complications related to intramuscular injections. For this reason, it is considered important to teach nursing students-who will become the nurses of the future-how to perform intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region using the correct technique. This way, nursing students will be able to administer medications safely when they begin their careers. Based on this perspective, it was believed that integrating technology into educational processes could facilitate more effective and student-centered learning. To integrate technology into educational processes, it was decided to use an AR-enabled 3D-printed hip model. Since intramuscular injection training in the ventrogluteal region is taught in the Fundamentals of Nursing course, first-year nursing students were included in the study. This research is a randomized controlled trial using AR and 3D modeling technologies.The study will be conducted with first-year nursing students during the spring semester of the 2025-2026 academic year.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
- Model description
- It is a randomized controlled trial.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Augmented Reality Group | Experimental | Device: Augmented Reality GroupThe AR software was developed by a computer engineer using the Unity 3D program. The researcher provided the developer with images of the ventrogluteal region and demonstrated the steps for performing an intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region via video. The developed AR software was ported to the Meta Quest 3 headset, which supports both virtual reality and augmented reality. With the Meta Quest 3 headset, students will be able to view virtual images in a real-world environment and perform the procedure using their hands. |
| 3D Model Group | Experimental | Device: 3D Model GroupA 3D scanner and a Creality K2 Plus 3D printer located at the Iron and Steel Institute of Karabük University were used. First, the hip model located in the Anatomy Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine at Karabük University was scanned using the 3D scanner's Blue Laser mode. Subsequently, the 3D model of the scanned hip was processed using 3D software on a computer to define dimensions, create the injection site, and determine the print slices, thereby designing the final pre-print configuration. The model was printed in four parts using the Creality K2 Plus 3D Printer and assembled to create the final model. The left side of the 3D hip model was designed to display anatomical structures for regional training, while the right side was designed to accommodate an injection port for IM injections into the VG region. |
| Control group | No intervention | –In accordance with traditional educational methods, students will perform an intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region using the model in the laboratory, following the step-by-step procedure. |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Be enrolled as a first-year student in the Department of Nursing at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Karabük University, during the spring semester of the 2025-2026 academic year.
- Have taken the "Fundamentals of Nursing" course for the first time.
- Have not previously received training in the skill of administering IM injections,
- Be able to speak and understand Turkish.
- Be willing to participate in the study.
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Failing to complete the research data collection forms in full,
- Having previously taken the "Fundamentals of Nursing" course,
- Withdrawing from the study.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Augmented Reality GroupStudents in this group will perform intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region using a Meta Quest 3 headset via an augmented reality-based training application | Device | Augmented Reality Group |
| 3D Model GroupStudents in this group will perform intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region using a 3D hip model. The model will be used as visual and tactile learning tools during the training process. | Device | 3D Model Group |
Primary outcome
Ventrogluteal Region Intramuscular Injection Skill Checklist Score
Time frame: Immediately after the intervention and 4 weeks after the intervention
Assessment of students' performance in administering intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region using a standardized skill assessment checklist.Assessment will be conducted by marking "applied" (2 points), "partially applied" (1 point), or "not applied" (0 points) for each step the student performs. The total score obtainable from the Ventrogluteal Region Intramuscular Injection Skills Checklist ranges from 0 to 64.
3 secondary outcomes
Ventrogluteal Region Intramuscular Injection Knowledge Test Score
Time frame: Baseline (before theoretical training and randomization), immediately after the intervention, and 4 weeks after the intervention
State Anxiety Scale score
Time frame: Immediately after the theoretical training session and immediately after the intervention session
Satisfaction Survey Score for Teaching Methods
Time frame: Immediately after the intervention
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 16 Jun 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Due to ethical considerations and institutional data protection policies, individual participant data will not be shared.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Meltem KAYA, PhD Candidate principal investigator
Karabuk University
Birgul CERIT, Professor study chair
Abant Izzet Baysal University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Augmented Reality Group and 3D Model Group in people with Ventrogluteal Injection and Intramuscular Injection, run by Karabuk University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 16 Jun 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Ventrogluteal Region Intramuscular Injection Skill Checklist Score (time frame: Immediately after the intervention and 4 weeks after the intervention). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 16 Jun 2026.