Foot MorphologyNCT07588048
Morton's Toe and Neuromuscular Performance
An observational study of Foot Morphology and Morton Toe, run by Giresun University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This cross-sectional study compared vastus lateralis contractile properties and drop jump reactive performance between female football players with (MF) and without (NMF) Morton's toe morphology. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 30 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Foot Morphology, Morton Toe, Neuromuscular Properties
- How many people
- 47 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 10 Jan 2026to 15 Mar 2026
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 30 years
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Study population: Female football players competing in the Turkish Women's First Football League, assessed during the off-season. A total of 97 players were screened for eligibility; 10 were excluded for not meeting the BMI criteria, 14 for not meeting the medial longitudinal arch criteria, and 26 for not bilaterally meeting the foot-type classification criteria. The remaining 47 players were classified into the Morton's toe (MF, n = 24) and non-Morton's toe (NMF, n = 23) groups.
Who may be able to join
- Female football players actively competing in the Turkish Women's First Football League
- Regular natural menstrual cycles
- Not using hormonal contraceptives
- Bilateral Morton's toe morphology (distal end of the second toe extending more than 2 mm beyond that of the first toe in both feet) or bilateral non-Morton's toe morphology (distal end of the first toe extending more than 2 mm beyond that of the second toe in both feet)
- Written informed consent
Who cannot join
- Not bilaterally meeting the Morton's toe or non-Morton's toe classification criteria, including a first-second toe length difference within ±2 mm (square foot) in either foot
- Musculoskeletal injury affecting the lower extremity within the previous 12 months that prevented full participation in training and/or competition for more than 28 days
- Body mass index <18.5 or ≥30.0 kg/m²
- Arch index <7% (very high arch) or >35% (very low arch) in at least one foot
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Giresun University - Sports Science Faculty
Giresun, Centre, 28100
About this study
Official title: Morton's Toe Is Associated With Faster Contractile Properties and Greater Reactive Strength in Female Football Players
This cross-sectional study compared vastus lateralis contractile properties and drop jump reactive performance between female football players with (MF) and without (NMF) Morton's toe morphology. Forty-seven players competing in the Turkish Women's First Football League were classified into MF (n = 24) and NMF (n = 23) groups. Contractile properties were assessed using tensiomyography, and reactive performance was assessed using a 40-cm drop jump on a dual force platform.
Read the detailed description
A total of 97 female football players were screened for eligibility; 47 were included. Morton's toe morphology was determined from the relative length difference between the distal ends of the first and second toes (Davidson et al. method); differences within ±2 mm were classified as square foot and excluded. Medial longitudinal arch structure was assessed with baropodometry (arch index). Body composition was assessed with segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance.
All assessments were performed in a single session during the off-season, at the same time of day (±1 h), between days 2 and 5 of the menstrual cycle. Contraction time (Tc) and maximal radial displacement (Dm) of the dominant-limb vastus lateralis were measured with tensiomyography in the supine position with approximately 30° knee flexion. After a standardized 15-min warm-up and familiarization, participants performed drop jumps from a 40-cm box on a dual force platform (ForceDecks FD Mini); three valid trials were recorded and the trial with the highest RSI was analyzed.
Foot morphology assessment and TMG/drop jump measurements were performed by different researchers; the assessor was blinded to group allocation. Statistical analyses were performed by an independent expert using a coded dataset. Tc and RSI were co-primary outcomes; p-values for secondary outcomes (Dm, JH, RPP) were adjusted using the Holm-Bonferroni method. Group differences were also examined with multiple linear regression adjusted for training age, body mass index, and body fat percentage.
- Conditions
- Foot Morphology, Morton Toe, Neuromuscular Properties
- Keywords
- Morton toe, tensiomyography, reactive strength index, drop jump, foot morphology, female football, neuromuscular performance
- Medical subject headings
- Morton Neuroma
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Morton's Toe Group (MF) | Female football players with bilateral Morton's toe morphology, defined as the distal end of the second toe extending more than 2 mm beyond that of the first toe in both feet. n = 24. | |
| Non-Morton's Toe Group (NMF) | Female football players without Morton's toe morphology bilaterally, defined as the distal end of the first toe extending more than 2 mm beyond that of the second toe in both feet. Feet with a first-second toe length difference within ±2 mm (square foot) were excluded. n = 23. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Contraction Time (Tc)
Tensiomyographic contraction time of the dominant vastus lateralis muscle, defined as the time between 10% and 90% of maximal radial displacement (ms).
Measured: Single measurement session
Reactive Strength Index (RSI)
Jump height (calculated from flight time) divided by ground contact time during a 40-cm drop jump test (m/s). The trial with the highest RSI value out of three valid trials was selected for analysis.
Measured: Single measurement session
Secondary outcomes (3)
Maximal Radial Displacement (Dm)
Maximal radial displacement of the dominant vastus lateralis muscle belly during tensiomyographic measurement (mm).
Measured: Single measurement session
Jump Height (JH)
Vertical jump height calculated from flight time during a 40-cm drop jump test (cm).
Measured: Single measurement session
Peak Power Relative to Body Mass (RPP)
Peak power output normalized to body mass during a 40-cm drop jump test (W/kg).
Measured: Single measurement session
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted14 May 2026
- Study start10 Jan 2026
- Primary completion15 Mar 2026
- Study completion15 Mar 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Foot MorphologyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Enrolment
- 47 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Giresun University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Nihat Sarıalioğlu, Giresun University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07588048
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- GRU-SBF-NS-06
- Other IDs
- 10/492
- Status last verified
- Oct 2026
- First submitted
- 8 May 2026
- Last updated
- 26 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 26 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Morton's Toe Is Associated With Faster Contractile Properties and Greater Reactive Strength in Female Football Players
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07588048
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- GRU-SBF-NS-06
- Conditions
- Foot Morphology, Morton Toe, Neuromuscular Properties
- Keywords
- Morton toe, tensiomyography, reactive strength index, drop jump, foot morphology, female football, neuromuscular performance
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 47 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Giresun UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 10 Jan 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Mar 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Mar 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 14 May 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This cross-sectional study compared vastus lateralis contractile properties and drop jump reactive performance between female football players with (MF) and without (NMF) Morton's toe morphology. Forty-seven players competing in the Turkish Women's First Football League were classified into MF (n = 24) and NMF (n = 23) groups. Contractile properties were assessed using tensiomyography, and reactive performance was assessed using a 40-cm drop jump on a dual force platform.
Detailed description
A total of 97 female football players were screened for eligibility; 47 were included. Morton's toe morphology was determined from the relative length difference between the distal ends of the first and second toes (Davidson et al. method); differences within ±2 mm were classified as square foot and excluded. Medial longitudinal arch structure was assessed with baropodometry (arch index). Body composition was assessed with segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance.
All assessments were performed in a single session during the off-season, at the same time of day (±1 h), between days 2 and 5 of the menstrual cycle. Contraction time (Tc) and maximal radial displacement (Dm) of the dominant-limb vastus lateralis were measured with tensiomyography in the supine position with approximately 30° knee flexion. After a standardized 15-min warm-up and familiarization, participants performed drop jumps from a 40-cm box on a dual force platform (ForceDecks FD Mini); three valid trials were recorded and the trial with the highest RSI was analyzed.
Foot morphology assessment and TMG/drop jump measurements were performed by different researchers; the assessor was blinded to group allocation. Statistical analyses were performed by an independent expert using a coded dataset. Tc and RSI were co-primary outcomes; p-values for secondary outcomes (Dm, JH, RPP) were adjusted using the Holm-Bonferroni method. Group differences were also examined with multiple linear regression adjusted for training age, body mass index, and body fat percentage.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Morton's Toe Group (MF) | – | –Female football players with bilateral Morton's toe morphology, defined as the distal end of the second toe extending more than 2 mm beyond that of the first toe in both feet. n = 24. |
| Non-Morton's Toe Group (NMF) | – | –Female football players without Morton's toe morphology bilaterally, defined as the distal end of the first toe extending more than 2 mm beyond that of the second toe in both feet. Feet with a first-second toe length difference within ±2 mm (square foot) were excluded. n = 23. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 30 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
- Study population
- Female football players competing in the Turkish Women's First Football League, assessed during the off-season. A total of 97 players were screened for eligibility; 10 were excluded for not meeting the BMI criteria, 14 for not meeting the medial longitudinal arch criteria, and 26 for not bilaterally meeting the foot-type classification criteria. The remaining 47 players were classified into the Morton's toe (MF, n = 24) and non-Morton's toe (NMF, n = 23) groups.
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Female football players actively competing in the Turkish Women's First Football League
- Regular natural menstrual cycles
- Not using hormonal contraceptives
- Bilateral Morton's toe morphology (distal end of the second toe extending more than 2 mm beyond that of the first toe in both feet) or bilateral non-Morton's toe morphology (distal end of the first toe extending more than 2 mm beyond that of the second toe in both feet)
- Written informed consent
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Not bilaterally meeting the Morton's toe or non-Morton's toe classification criteria, including a first-second toe length difference within ±2 mm (square foot) in either foot
- Musculoskeletal injury affecting the lower extremity within the previous 12 months that prevented full participation in training and/or competition for more than 28 days
- Body mass index <18.5 or ≥30.0 kg/m²
- Arch index <7% (very high arch) or >35% (very low arch) in at least one foot
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Primary outcome
Contraction Time (Tc)
Time frame: Single measurement session
Tensiomyographic contraction time of the dominant vastus lateralis muscle, defined as the time between 10% and 90% of maximal radial displacement (ms).
Reactive Strength Index (RSI)
Time frame: Single measurement session
Jump height (calculated from flight time) divided by ground contact time during a 40-cm drop jump test (m/s). The trial with the highest RSI value out of three valid trials was selected for analysis.
3 secondary outcomes
Maximal Radial Displacement (Dm)
Time frame: Single measurement session
Jump Height (JH)
Time frame: Single measurement session
Peak Power Relative to Body Mass (RPP)
Time frame: Single measurement session
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 26 Oct 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Foot Morphology and Morton Toe, run by Giresun University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 26 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Contraction Time (Tc) (time frame: Single measurement session). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 26 Oct 2026.