First AidNCT07773844
Using 360-Degree Interactive Video for Bleeding First Aid in Nursing Education: Effects on Knowledge, Self-Efficacy, and Learning Experience
A study testing 360-degree VR video simulation in people with First Aid and Hemorrhage, run by Manisa Celal Bayar University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if a 360-degree interactive virtual reality (VR) video simulation works to improve first aid knowledge, knowledge retention, and self-efficacy in stopping severe bleeding among first-year undergraduate nursing students. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any ageHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- First Aid, Hemorrhage, Nursing Education
- What is being tested?
- 360-degree VR video simulation
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 152 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 10 May 2022to 2 Aug 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Being a volunteer participant
- Being a first-year nursing student enrolled at Ege University Faculty of Nursing during the 2021-2022 academic year.
- Having successfully completed the "First Aid Module" (First Aid Course) within the current curriculum
Who cannot join
- Having any pre-existing health or visual conditions that prevent the safe use of virtual reality (VR) equipment (such as active epilepsy, severe uncorrected visual impairment, or pre-existing psychiatric disorders).
- Requesting to withdraw from the study or refusing to participate at any stage of the research
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: 360 Derece Etkileşimli Video Teknolojisinin Hemşirelik Eğitiminde Kullanımı: Bir Karma Yöntem Araştırması
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if a 360-degree interactive virtual reality (VR) video simulation works to improve first aid knowledge, knowledge retention, and self-efficacy in stopping severe bleeding among first-year undergraduate nursing students. The main questions the study aims to answer are:
- Does experiencing the interactive VR video simulation increase students' knowledge of bleeding first aid?
- Does the VR video simulation increase students' long-term retention of first aid knowledge?
- Does the VR video simulation improve students' self-efficacy in bleeding first aid? Researchers compared four groups using a Solomon four-group design to evaluate the effectiveness of the VR simulation, while also testing whether taking a pre-test affected the final outcomes.
Read more
Participants:
- Completed an introductory survey and possibly a baseline test measuring first aid knowledge and self-efficacy.
- Attended a 1-hour standard classroom lecture about first aid for bleeding.
- (Intervention groups only) Completed a 5-minute interactive 360-degree video simulation of a severe bleeding emergency using an Oculus Quest 2 VR headset, which required answering 7 clinical decision-making questions.
- Completed follow-up tests 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the training to measure their bleeding first aid knowledge and self-efficacy.
- Conditions
- First Aid, Hemorrhage, Nursing Education, Self Efficacy, Virtual Reality
- Being tested
- 360-degree VR video simulation
- Medical subject headings
- Hemorrhage
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
360-degree VR video simulationOther
A 5-minute interactive 360-degree video simulation of a severe bleeding emergency using an Oculus Quest 2 VR headset, which requires answering 7 clinical decision-making questions
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention Group 1 (Pre-tested) | Experimental | Receives the pre-test, standard classroom instruction (lecture), the 360-degree VR video simulation, the post-test, and the retention test Receives: Other: 360-degree VR video simulation |
| Intervention Group 2 (Unpre-tested) | Experimental | Receives standard classroom instruction, the 360-degree VR video simulation, the post-test, and the retention test Receives: Other: 360-degree VR video simulation |
| Control Group 1 (Pre-tested) | No intervention | Receives the pre-test, standard classroom instruction, the post-test, and the retention test |
| Control Group 2 (Unpre-tested) | No intervention | Receives standard classroom instruction, the post-test, and the retention test |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Bleeding First Aid Knowledge
Assessed using the "First Aid for Bleeding Knowledge Test" developed and validated by the researchers. This is a 20-item multiple-choice test designed to measure cognitive learning. Correct answers are scored as 1 and incorrect answers as 0. The total score ranges from 0 to 20, with higher scores indicating higher levels of bleeding first aid knowledge.
Measured: Baseline (Pre-test), 4 weeks post-intervention (Post-test), and 8 weeks post-intervention (Retention test)
Bleeding First Aid Self-Efficacy
Assessed using the "First Aid for Bleeding Self-Efficacy Scale" developed and validated by the researchers. This is a 19-item, five-point Likert-type scale (ranging from 1=completely insufficient to 5=completely sufficient) that measures students' perceived competence in managing bleeding situations. The total score ranges from 19 to 95, with higher scores reflecting greater clinical self-efficacy.
Measured: Baseline (Pre-test) and 4 weeks post-intervention (Post-test)
Secondary outcomes (4)
Perception of Simulation Design
Assessed using the 20-item Simulation Design Scale (adapted into Turkish by Unver et al., 2017) only for the intervention groups. The scale evaluates five key elements of simulation design: objectives/information, student support, problem-solving, guided reflection/feedback, and fidelity. Items are rated on a five-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree). The overall score ranges from 20 to 100, where higher scores reflect a stronger presence of effective simulation design components.
Measured: Immediately after the virtual reality simulation session
Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning
Assessed using the 12-item Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning Scale (adapted into Turkish by Unver et al., 2017). It includes two subscales: satisfaction with current learning (5 items) and self-confidence in learning (7 items). Items are rated on a five-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree). The total score ranges from 12 to 60, with higher scores indicating greater learning satisfaction and self-confidence.
Measured: Immediately after the virtual reality simulation session
Video Engagement and Immersion
Assessed using the 15-item Video Engagement Scale (adapted into Turkish by Deryakulu et al., 2019) to measure the student's emotional and cognitive immersion. It consists of five subscales (attention, going into a narrative world, identity, empathy, and emotion) rated on a seven-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree to 7=strongly agree). The total score ranges from 15 to 105, with higher scores indicating stronger engagement with the VR environment.
Measured: Immediately after the virtual reality simulation session
Occurrence of Cybersickness / Simulation Side Effects
Assessed using a structured Researcher Observation Form to track any simulator-related physical discomfort (such as dizziness, nausea, headache, or neck pain) experienced by participants during or immediately after the VR headset experience. Side effects are recorded categorically as present/absent and graded by severity (none, mild, moderate).
Measured: During and up to 15 minutes immediately following the virtual reality experience
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted19 Aug 2026
- Study start10 May 2022
- Primary completion2 Aug 2022
- Study completion2 Aug 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for First AidStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This study utilizes a Solomon four-group design to isolate the educational effects of the interactive 360-degree VR video simulation while systematically controlling for pre-test sensitization. Participants are randomly assigned to one of four parallel groups with different pre-testing and intervention conditions: Intervention Group 1 (Pre-tested): Receives the pre-test, standard classroom instruction (lecture), the 360-degree VR video simulation, the post-test (at 4 weeks), and the retention test (at 8 weeks) Intervention Group 2 (Unpre-tested): Receives standard classroom instruction, the 360-degree VR video simulation, the post-test, and the retention test without undergoing a pre-test Control Group 1 (Pre-tested): Receives the pre-test, standard classroom instruction, the post-test, and the retention test Control Group 2 (Unpre-tested): Receives standard classroom instruction, the post-test, and the retention test without undergoing a pre-test
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Investigator
- Enrolment
- 152 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Manisa Celal Bayar University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Aliye Üster Foundation
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Aydan Baysan, Manisa Celal Bayar University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07773844
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- EGE-2021-11/04-1081
- Status last verified
- Aug 2026
- First submitted
- 16 Aug 2026
- Last updated
- 21 Aug 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 21 Aug 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- 360 Derece Etkileşimli Video Teknolojisinin Hemşirelik Eğitiminde Kullanımı: Bir Karma Yöntem Araştırması
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07773844
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- EGE-2021-11/04-1081
- Conditions
- First Aid, Hemorrhage, Nursing Education, Self Efficacy, Virtual Reality
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 152 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Manisa Celal Bayar UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Aliye Üster Foundation
- Study start
- 10 May 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 2 Aug 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 2 Aug 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 19 Aug 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if a 360-degree interactive virtual reality (VR) video simulation works to improve first aid knowledge, knowledge retention, and self-efficacy in stopping severe bleeding among first-year undergraduate nursing students. The main questions the study aims to answer are:
- Does experiencing the interactive VR video simulation increase students' knowledge of bleeding first aid?
- Does the VR video simulation increase students' long-term retention of first aid knowledge?
- Does the VR video simulation improve students' self-efficacy in bleeding first aid? Researchers compared four groups using a Solomon four-group design to evaluate the effectiveness of the VR simulation, while also testing whether taking a pre-test affected the final outcomes.
Participants:
- Completed an introductory survey and possibly a baseline test measuring first aid knowledge and self-efficacy.
- Attended a 1-hour standard classroom lecture about first aid for bleeding.
- (Intervention groups only) Completed a 5-minute interactive 360-degree video simulation of a severe bleeding emergency using an Oculus Quest 2 VR headset, which required answering 7 clinical decision-making questions.
- Completed follow-up tests 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the training to measure their bleeding first aid knowledge and self-efficacy.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, investigator)
- Number of arms
- 4
- Model description
- This study utilizes a Solomon four-group design to isolate the educational effects of the interactive 360-degree VR video simulation while systematically controlling for pre-test sensitization. Participants are randomly assigned to one of four parallel groups with different pre-testing and intervention conditions: Intervention Group 1 (Pre-tested): Receives the pre-test, standard classroom instruction (lecture), the 360-degree VR video simulation, the post-test (at 4 weeks), and the retention test (at 8 weeks) Intervention Group 2 (Unpre-tested): Receives standard classroom instruction, the 360-degree VR video simulation, the post-test, and the retention test without undergoing a pre-test Control Group 1 (Pre-tested): Receives the pre-test, standard classroom instruction, the post-test, and the retention test Control Group 2 (Unpre-tested): Receives standard classroom instruction, the post-test, and the retention test without undergoing a pre-test
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention Group 1 (Pre-tested) | Experimental | Other: 360-degree VR video simulationReceives the pre-test, standard classroom instruction (lecture), the 360-degree VR video simulation, the post-test, and the retention test |
| Intervention Group 2 (Unpre-tested) | Experimental | Other: 360-degree VR video simulationReceives standard classroom instruction, the 360-degree VR video simulation, the post-test, and the retention test |
| Control Group 1 (Pre-tested) | No intervention | –Receives the pre-test, standard classroom instruction, the post-test, and the retention test |
| Control Group 2 (Unpre-tested) | No intervention | –Receives standard classroom instruction, the post-test, and the retention test |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Being a volunteer participant
- Being a first-year nursing student enrolled at Ege University Faculty of Nursing during the 2021-2022 academic year.
- Having successfully completed the "First Aid Module" (First Aid Course) within the current curriculum
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Having any pre-existing health or visual conditions that prevent the safe use of virtual reality (VR) equipment (such as active epilepsy, severe uncorrected visual impairment, or pre-existing psychiatric disorders).
- Requesting to withdraw from the study or refusing to participate at any stage of the research
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| 360-degree VR video simulationA 5-minute interactive 360-degree video simulation of a severe bleeding emergency using an Oculus Quest 2 VR headset, which requires answering 7 clinical decision-making questions | Other | Intervention Group 1 (Pre-tested), Intervention Group 2 (Unpre-tested) |
Primary outcome
Bleeding First Aid Knowledge
Time frame: Baseline (Pre-test), 4 weeks post-intervention (Post-test), and 8 weeks post-intervention (Retention test)
Assessed using the "First Aid for Bleeding Knowledge Test" developed and validated by the researchers. This is a 20-item multiple-choice test designed to measure cognitive learning. Correct answers are scored as 1 and incorrect answers as 0. The total score ranges from 0 to 20, with higher scores indicating higher levels of bleeding first aid knowledge.
Bleeding First Aid Self-Efficacy
Time frame: Baseline (Pre-test) and 4 weeks post-intervention (Post-test)
Assessed using the "First Aid for Bleeding Self-Efficacy Scale" developed and validated by the researchers. This is a 19-item, five-point Likert-type scale (ranging from 1=completely insufficient to 5=completely sufficient) that measures students' perceived competence in managing bleeding situations. The total score ranges from 19 to 95, with higher scores reflecting greater clinical self-efficacy.
4 secondary outcomes
Perception of Simulation Design
Time frame: Immediately after the virtual reality simulation session
Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning
Time frame: Immediately after the virtual reality simulation session
Video Engagement and Immersion
Time frame: Immediately after the virtual reality simulation session
Occurrence of Cybersickness / Simulation Side Effects
Time frame: During and up to 15 minutes immediately following the virtual reality experience
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 21 Aug 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
Related trials for First Aid
Not yet recruiting
Effect of Simulation-Based First Aid and Basic Health Training on Parents of Children With Special Need
First Aid Training, Health Education
Not yet recruiting
PRECEDE-PROCEED BASED FIRST AID TRAINING: SELF-EFFICACY, SKILL AND COST ANALYSIS IN HIGH SCHOLL STUDENTS
First Aid Training, Adolescent
Enrolling by invitation
SCENARİO-BASED FİRST AİD TRAİNİNG PROGRAM FOR MİDDLE SCHOOL STUDENT
First Aid Training
Enrolling by invitationObservational study
A Study on the Impact of a New Canton-Wide First Responder System in Zug, Switzerland, on Survival After Adult Cardiac Arrest-Examining Early Life-Saving Organized Help, Fast Defibrillation, and Improved Outcomes for Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Cardiac Arrest (CA), Cardiac Arrest With Successful Resuscitation
Recruiting
Analysis of the Efficacy of Pressure Pad vs Pressure Bandage Immobilisation for Snake Bite First Aid in Healthy Volunteers.
Snake Bites, Snakebite
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing 360-degree VR video simulation in people with First Aid and Hemorrhage, run by Manisa Celal Bayar University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 21 Aug 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Bleeding First Aid Knowledge (time frame: Baseline (Pre-test), 4 weeks post-intervention (Post-test), and 8 weeks post-intervention (Retention test)). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 21 Aug 2026; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 27 Oct 2026.