Educational ProblemsNCT07798739
Bone Models Printed With 3D Printer
An observational study of Educational Problems, run by Abant Izzet Baysal University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This study aimed to compare 3D-printed bone models produced using different infill densities and resin colors in terms of weight, anatomical accuracy, level of detail, texture quality, and similarity to real anatomical bone, and to determine the effects of infill density and resin color on perceived anatomical realism. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 25 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Educational Problems
- How many people
- 106 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 15 Oct 2025to 30 Nov 2025
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 25 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Study population: healthy population
Who may be able to join
- Willingness to participate and provide written informed consent
- Undergraduate students who have taken anatomy courses
Who cannot join
- Individuals with a history of traumatic injury to the upper extremity within the last three months
- Sensory deficit in one hand, or scar tissue on the fingertips
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Bolu BAant İzzet Baysal University
Bolu, Bolu, 14030
About this study
Official title: Investigation of the Effect of Resin Color on Anatomical Accuracy of Bone Models Printed With 3D Printer
This study aimed to compare 3D-printed bone models produced using different infill densities and resin colors in terms of weight, anatomical accuracy, level of detail, texture quality, and similarity to real anatomical bone, and to determine the effects of infill density and resin color on perceived anatomical realism.
Read the detailed description
3D-printed anatomical models provide an alternative to cadavers because they offer detailed and accurate representations of anatomy and can be touched, handled, and manipulated. In addition, they are relatively inexpensive and reproducible. Among the materials used for 3D printing in the healthcare field, light-sensitive resin is preferred because it enables the production of higher-quality and more complex structures that closely resemble real anatomical forms compared to other materials. The color of the resin and infill density used may affect the dimensions and geometric accuracy of the printed parts. Therefore, the color of the resin appears to be an important factor in creating realistic 3D models.
- Conditions
- Educational Problems
- Keywords
- resin, model, 3D printer, anatomy
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| single group | Participants were asked to examine the structures of real bone models and 3D models printed in different colors in a laboratory setting, and to compare and evaluate the 3D models printed in different colors with the originals. The evaluation was done using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) consisting of 4 questions about the weight, anatomical accuracy, level of detail, and texture quality of the model. Participants were asked to mark their results on a 10 cm straight line. A VAS score of 0 indicated that the model did not resemble real bone, while a score of 10 indicated that it was identical to the original model. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Visual Analog Scale
The scale is 10 cm. A value of 0 indicates that the model is not similar to the real thing, while a value of 10 indicates that it is identical to the original model.
Measured: once
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted1 Sep 2026
- Study start15 Oct 2025
- Primary completion30 Nov 2025
- Study completion30 Nov 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (3)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Educational ProblemsStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 106 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Abant Izzet Baysal University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Tuba Kaya Benli, Abant Izzet Baysal University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07798739
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- AIBU-FTR-TKB-002
- Status last verified
- Mar 2026
- First submitted
- 28 Aug 2026
- Last updated
- 1 Sep 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Publications
Kurul R, Inal B, Diramali M, Ozer H, Erdogan KE. Evaluating the educational impact of tomography-based high-resolution 3D-printed distal radius fracture models. BMC Med Educ. 2025 Dec 24;25(1):1706. doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-08164-w.
PubMed 41444874Kurul R, Özdemir D, Erdoğan KE. Can high resolution 3D resin printed models be used in anatomy education? A randomized controlled trial. Anatomy. 2022;16(3):179-84.
Tulcan A, Vasilescu MD, Tulcan L. Comparative Study of the Influence of Bio-Resin Color on the Dimension, Flatness and Straightness of the Part in the 3D Printing Process. Polymers (Basel). 2021 Apr 27;13(9):1412. doi: 10.3390/polym13091412.
PubMed 33925497
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 1 Sep 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Investigation of the Effect of Resin Color on Anatomical Accuracy of Bone Models Printed With 3D Printer
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07798739
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- AIBU-FTR-TKB-002
- Conditions
- Educational Problems
- Keywords
- resin, model, 3D printer, anatomy
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 106 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Abant Izzet Baysal UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 15 Oct 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Nov 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Nov 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 1 Sep 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study aimed to compare 3D-printed bone models produced using different infill densities and resin colors in terms of weight, anatomical accuracy, level of detail, texture quality, and similarity to real anatomical bone, and to determine the effects of infill density and resin color on perceived anatomical realism.
Detailed description
3D-printed anatomical models provide an alternative to cadavers because they offer detailed and accurate representations of anatomy and can be touched, handled, and manipulated. In addition, they are relatively inexpensive and reproducible. Among the materials used for 3D printing in the healthcare field, light-sensitive resin is preferred because it enables the production of higher-quality and more complex structures that closely resemble real anatomical forms compared to other materials. The color of the resin and infill density used may affect the dimensions and geometric accuracy of the printed parts. Therefore, the color of the resin appears to be an important factor in creating realistic 3D models.
Study design
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| single group | – | –Participants were asked to examine the structures of real bone models and 3D models printed in different colors in a laboratory setting, and to compare and evaluate the 3D models printed in different colors with the originals. The evaluation was done using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) consisting of 4 questions about the weight, anatomical accuracy, level of detail, and texture quality of the model. Participants were asked to mark their results on a 10 cm straight line. A VAS score of 0 indicated that the model did not resemble real bone, while a score of 10 indicated that it was identical to the original model. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 25 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
- Study population
- healthy population
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Willingness to participate and provide written informed consent
- Undergraduate students who have taken anatomy courses
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Individuals with a history of traumatic injury to the upper extremity within the last three months
- Sensory deficit in one hand, or scar tissue on the fingertips
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Primary outcome
Visual Analog Scale
Time frame: once
The scale is 10 cm. A value of 0 indicates that the model is not similar to the real thing, while a value of 10 indicates that it is identical to the original model.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 1 Sep 2026.
- Background: PubMed 41444874Kurul R, Inal B, Diramali M, Ozer H, Erdogan KE. Evaluating the educational impact of tomography-based high-resolution 3D-printed distal radius fracture models. BMC Med Educ. 2025 Dec 24;25(1):1706. doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-08164-w.
- BackgroundKurul R, Özdemir D, Erdoğan KE. Can high resolution 3D resin printed models be used in anatomy education? A randomized controlled trial. Anatomy. 2022;16(3):179-84.
- Background: PubMed 33925497Tulcan A, Vasilescu MD, Tulcan L. Comparative Study of the Influence of Bio-Resin Color on the Dimension, Flatness and Straightness of the Part in the 3D Printing Process. Polymers (Basel). 2021 Apr 27;13(9):1412. doi: 10.3390/polym13091412.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Educational Problems, run by Abant Izzet Baysal University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 1 Sep 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Visual Analog Scale (time frame: once). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07798739, which also lists 3 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 1 Sep 2026.