Climate-Responsive Nutrition, WASH, and Heat Counselling for Maternal and Child Health in Sindh, Pakistan

Pakistan is a lower-middle-income country that has faced prolonged political and regional instability, all of which have contributed to sub-optimal health and nutrition indicators and service delivery. The country also experiences frequent climate-related disasters, particularly in Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), further impacting health outcomes. Primary health care (PHC) has been the cornerstone for delivering essential maternal, child, and community health services in Pakistan, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas where access to tertiary care facilities is limited. Frontline health workers, especially Lady Health Workers (LHWs), along with healthcare providers (HCPs) based at Rural Health Centres (RHCs) and Basic Health Units (BHUs), are central to maternal and child healthcare. Given the recognition of climate variability as a determinant of health and nutritional status, the integration of climate-responsive strategies in health and nutrition programs for LHWs and HCPs is critical. However, evidence on integrated, climate-responsive nutrition strategies within health systems remains scarce. Thus, this study intends to report the effectiveness and value of integrating multi-sectoral content into routine HCP and LHW training packages. The evidence generated will also provide information on the feasibility, acceptability, and scalability of an integrated climate-responsive training package.

This study will be a two-arm, prospective, cluster-randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the Enhanced Climate-Responsive Integrated Nutrition Training Package in Matiari and Sanghar districts, Sindh province, Pakistan. Matiari is situated in the northeastern part of Sindh, while Sanghar lies adjacent to Matiari and represents a larger rural district with similar socio-demographic and health system characteristics. The study setting has a well-established community and health system liaison, basic demographic surveillance, and field centres for research. These sites have also been selected because they have been the locations of several other large cluster-randomized trials, meaning that households are well mapped using household-level GIS. This district is representative of typical conditions in Pakistan, and there is a close working relationship with the community, civic society leaders, and public health department facilities.

For the baseline and endline surveys, the target population is all households with at least one pregnant or lactating woman (PLW) or a woman of reproductive age (WRA) with a child under the age of six months. Additionally, a select cohort of pregnant women will be enrolled and followed up quarterly through the trial duration. The training will be provided to all HCPs and LHWs in the intervention areas of the target districts. HCPs will include doctors, nurses, midwives, and lady health visitors, while lady health supervisors (LHSs) will be trained as master trainers for LHWs.

The training package for primary HCPs will be administered directly by trained project staff at the intervention sites. HCPs will include medical officers, nurses, Lady Health Visitors (LHVs), and midwives working at PHC facilities, including BHUs, RHCs, and Dispensaries. The enhanced integrated package for HCPs offers updated guidance on IYCF, maternal and adolescent nutrition, and specialized pediatric nutrition with a gender and climate lens. Rapid refresher training will be conducted every six months. LHSs, who are master trainers for LHWs, will be trained by senior faculty members of the AKU. These master trainers will subsequently train LHWs from the intervention clusters at their affiliated health facilities. This initial two-day training would be followed by monthly rapid refresher training sessions at the LHWs' regular continuing education sessions. In addition, there will be biannual one-day comprehensive refresher training sessions and assessments for both LHSs and LHWs.

If effective, the enhanced integrated training package could be sustainably incorporated within the pre-service and in-service health workforce curricula in climate-vulnerable LMICs, where resources are limited, and interactions between health workers and communities provide valuable opportunities to promote appropriate adaptive and resilient health and nutrition behaviours.

A limitation of the trial is that it does not provide material or financial support to participants, which may limit its ability to address nutrition challenges exacerbated by poverty, food insecurity, and limited resources. In addition, the two-year intervention period may be insufficient to detect measurable impact of certain outcomes, particularly birth and anthropometric indicators. Community representatives from Matiari and Sanghar were engaged during the development of the trial design, and study findings will be shared with the communities through dissemination and engagement events, at the conclusion of the project.