Postoperative PainNCT07881536
Comparison of M-TAPA, EOIP, and Local Infiltration for Pain Relief After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
An observational study of Postoperative Pain and Cholecystectomy, run by Pamukkale University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This retrospective observational study aimed to compare three pain management techniques used after laparoscopic gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy): modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through the perichondrial approach (M-TAPA), external oblique intercostal plane (EOIP) block, and local anesthetic infiltration. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Postoperative Pain, Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic
- What is being tested?
- Modified Thoracoabdominal Nerve Block Through the Perichondrial Approach, External Oblique Intercostal Plane Block and Local anesthetic infiltration
- Type of treatment
- Surgery or procedure
- How many people
- 90 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 14 Jan 2025to 16 Apr 2025
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: The study population consisted of adult patients aged 18 years or older with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia at Pamukkale University Hospital, Türkiye, between January and April 2025. Patients were identified retrospectively from routinely collected hospital medical records and categorized according to the postoperative analgesic technique received: modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through the perichondrial approach (M-TAPA), external oblique intercostal plane (EOIP) block, or local anesthetic infiltration. Of 135 initially assessed patients, 90 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final analysis, with 30 patients in each group.
Who may be able to join
- Adults aged 18 years or older.
- American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II.
- Patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia between January and April 2025.
- Patients who received M-TAPA block, EOIP block, or local anesthetic infiltration as part of routine clinical care.
- Availability of complete medical records for postoperative pain assessment and analgesic outcomes
Who cannot join
- Major organ failure, including renal, hepatic, or cardiac failure.
- Significant cardiovascular conditions, including atrioventricular block, unstable angina, myocardial infarction within the preceding 6 weeks, heart rate below 50 beats/min, or systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg.
- Body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m².
- Neurological or psychiatric disorders that could impair communication or pain assessment.
- Use of antidepressant medications, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants, or mirtazapine.
- Patients requiring additional surgical procedures.
- Patients undergoing anesthesia other than general anesthesia.
- Incomplete medical records.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Pamukkale University Hospital
Merkezefendi, Denizli, 20000
About this study
Official title: Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy of M-TAPA and External Oblique Intercostal Plane Blocks Versus Local Infiltration in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
This retrospective observational study aimed to compare three pain management techniques used after laparoscopic gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy): modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through the perichondrial approach (M-TAPA), external oblique intercostal plane (EOIP) block, and local anesthetic infiltration.
The study included 90 adult patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January and April 2025. Patients were divided into three groups according to the pain management technique they received during routine clinical care, with 30 patients in each group.
Read more
The primary outcome was pain intensity measured 2 hours after surgery using a visual analog scale (VAS). Additional outcomes included pain scores at 15 minutes and 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours after surgery, the need for additional opioid pain medication, and opioid-related adverse events.
The study aimed to evaluate differences in postoperative pain control and the need for additional pain medication among these three techniques using previously collected medical records.
Read the detailed description
This single-center retrospective observational study was conducted at Pamukkale University Hospital, Turkey, using routinely collected clinical data from patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January and April 2025.
Adult patients aged 18 years or older with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II were eligible for inclusion. During routine clinical care, postoperative analgesic techniques had been assigned using a sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed-envelope procedure. The investigators conducting the subsequent retrospective analysis were not involved in treatment allocation.
Three analgesic techniques were evaluated:
M-TAPA Group: Patients received an ultrasound-guided bilateral modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through the perichondrial approach, with 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine administered on each side.
EOIP Group: Patients received an ultrasound-guided bilateral external oblique intercostal plane block, with 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine administered on each side.
Local Infiltration Group: Patients received local anesthetic infiltration around the four laparoscopic port sites using a total of 20 mL of 0.50% bupivacaine.
All patients underwent standardized general anesthesia and received routine perioperative analgesic treatment.
A total of 135 patients had been allocated during routine clinical care. Following retrospective application of the predefined eligibility criteria, 45 patients were excluded, leaving 90 patients for analysis (30 in each group).
Postoperative pain intensity during movement was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) at 15 minutes and 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours after surgery. The primary outcome was the VAS pain score at 2 hours. Secondary outcomes included pain scores at the remaining assessment times, the proportion of patients requiring rescue opioid analgesia, and the incidence of opioid-related adverse events.
The study compared postoperative analgesic outcomes associated with the three techniques under routine clinical practice conditions. Because the analysis was retrospective and the total local anesthetic dose differed between groups, the findings were interpreted as observational associations rather than definitive causal effects.
- Conditions
- Postoperative Pain, Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic, External Oblique Intercostal Plane Block, Modified Thoracoabdominal Nerve Block (M-TAPA)
- Being tested
- Modified Thoracoabdominal Nerve Block Through the Perichondrial Approach, External Oblique Intercostal Plane Block, Local anesthetic infiltration
- Keywords
- Cholecystectomy, Postoperative Pain, External Oblique Intercostal Plane Block, Modified Thoracoabdominal Nerve Block Through Perichondrial Approach
- Medical subject headings
- Pain, Postoperative
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Modified Thoracoabdominal Nerve Block Through the Perichondrial ApproachProcedure or surgery
Bilateral ultrasound-guided modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through the perichondrial approach (M-TAPA) was performed after completion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Under sterile conditions, 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine was injected on each side into the fascial plane between the transversus abdominis muscle and the costochondral structure, for a total volume of 40 mL. The procedure was performed as part of routine clinical care.
External Oblique Intercostal Plane BlockProcedure or surgery
Bilateral ultrasound-guided external oblique intercostal plane (EOIP) block was performed after completion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Under sterile conditions, 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine was injected on each side into the fascial plane between the external oblique and intercostal muscles at the level of the sixth and seventh ribs, for a total volume of 40 mL. The procedure was performed as part of routine clinical care.
Local anesthetic infiltrationProcedure or surgery
Local anesthetic infiltration was performed by the surgeon at the end of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A total of 20 mL of 0.50% bupivacaine was administered around the four laparoscopic port sites, with approximately 5 mL injected at each site. The procedure was performed as part of routine clinical care.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| M-TAPA Block | Patients who received bilateral ultrasound-guided modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through the perichondrial approach (M-TAPA) as part of routine clinical care. A total of 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine was administered on each side (40 mL total). This group included 30 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Receives: Procedure: Modified Thoracoabdominal Nerve Block Through the Perichondrial Approach | |
| EOIP Block | Patients who received bilateral ultrasound-guided external oblique intercostal plane (EOIP) block as part of routine clinical care. A total of 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine was administered on each side (40 mL total). This group included 30 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Receives: Procedure: External Oblique Intercostal Plane Block | |
| Local Anesthetic Infiltration | Patients who received local anesthetic infiltration around the four laparoscopic port sites as part of routine clinical care. A total of 20 mL of 0.50% bupivacaine was administered, with approximately 5 mL injected at each port site. This group included 30 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Receives: Procedure: Local anesthetic infiltration |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Postoperative Pain Intensity at 2 Hours
Postoperative pain intensity during movement was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 2 hours after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The VAS ranges from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the worst imaginable pain. Lower scores indicate less postoperative pain. VAS scores were compared among the M-TAPA, EOIP, and local anesthetic infiltration groups.
Measured: 2 hours after surgery
Secondary outcomes (6)
Postoperative Pain Intensity at 15 Minutes
Postoperative pain intensity during movement was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Lower scores indicate less pain. VAS scores were compared among the M-TAPA, EOIP, and local anesthetic infiltration groups.
Measured: 15 minutes after surgery
Postoperative Pain Intensity at 4 Hours
Postoperative pain intensity during movement was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Lower scores indicate less pain. VAS scores were compared among the M-TAPA, EOIP, and local anesthetic infiltration groups.
Measured: 4 hours after surgery
Postoperative Pain Intensity at 8 Hours
Postoperative pain intensity during movement was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Lower scores indicate less pain. VAS scores were compared among the M-TAPA, EOIP, and local anesthetic infiltration groups.
Measured: 8 hours after surgery
Postoperative Pain Intensity at 16 Hours
Postoperative pain intensity during movement was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Lower scores indicate less pain. VAS scores were compared among the M-TAPA, EOIP, and local anesthetic infiltration groups.
Measured: 24 hours after surgery
Proportion of Patients Requiring Rescue Opioid Analgesia
The proportion of patients requiring additional opioid analgesia after surgery was assessed using routinely collected medical records. Rescue opioid requirement was recorded as a binary outcome (yes/no) and compared among the M-TAPA, EOIP, and local anesthetic infiltration groups. Results were expressed as the number and percentage of patients requiring rescue opioid treatment.
Measured: Within 24 hours after surgery
Incidence of Opioid-Related Adverse Events
The incidence of opioid-related adverse events, including nausea, vomiting, pruritus, hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, and sedation, was assessed using routinely collected postoperative medical records. The occurrence of these events was compared among the three analgesic groups.
Measured: Within 24 hours after surgery
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted19 Oct 2026
- Study start14 Jan 2025
- Primary completion16 Apr 2025
- Study completion16 Apr 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Postoperative PainStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Pamukkale UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Retrospective
- Enrolment
- 90 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Pamukkale University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Mert Yetgin, Pamukkale University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07881536
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- ext-obl1111
- Status last verified
- Oct 2026
- First submitted
- 12 Oct 2026
- Last updated
- 19 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: De-identified individual participant data underlying the results reported in this study may be shared, including baseline demographic and perioperative characteristics, analgesic technique received (M-TAPA, EOIP, or local anesthetic infiltration), postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at 15 minutes and 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours, rescue opioid analgesia requirements, and opioid-related adverse events, including nausea, vomiting, pruritus, hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, and sedation. Data will be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author and subject to applicable ethical and institutional requirements.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 19 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy of M-TAPA and External Oblique Intercostal Plane Blocks Versus Local Infiltration in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07881536
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- ext-obl1111
- Conditions
- Postoperative Pain, Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic, External Oblique Intercostal Plane Block, Modified Thoracoabdominal Nerve Block (M-TAPA)
- Keywords
- Cholecystectomy, Postoperative Pain, External Oblique Intercostal Plane Block, Modified Thoracoabdominal Nerve Block Through Perichondrial Approach
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 90 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Pamukkale UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 14 Jan 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 16 Apr 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 16 Apr 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 19 Oct 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This retrospective observational study aimed to compare three pain management techniques used after laparoscopic gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy): modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through the perichondrial approach (M-TAPA), external oblique intercostal plane (EOIP) block, and local anesthetic infiltration.
The study included 90 adult patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January and April 2025. Patients were divided into three groups according to the pain management technique they received during routine clinical care, with 30 patients in each group.
The primary outcome was pain intensity measured 2 hours after surgery using a visual analog scale (VAS). Additional outcomes included pain scores at 15 minutes and 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours after surgery, the need for additional opioid pain medication, and opioid-related adverse events.
The study aimed to evaluate differences in postoperative pain control and the need for additional pain medication among these three techniques using previously collected medical records.
Detailed description
This single-center retrospective observational study was conducted at Pamukkale University Hospital, Turkey, using routinely collected clinical data from patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January and April 2025.
Adult patients aged 18 years or older with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II were eligible for inclusion. During routine clinical care, postoperative analgesic techniques had been assigned using a sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed-envelope procedure. The investigators conducting the subsequent retrospective analysis were not involved in treatment allocation.
Three analgesic techniques were evaluated:
M-TAPA Group: Patients received an ultrasound-guided bilateral modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through the perichondrial approach, with 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine administered on each side.
EOIP Group: Patients received an ultrasound-guided bilateral external oblique intercostal plane block, with 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine administered on each side.
Local Infiltration Group: Patients received local anesthetic infiltration around the four laparoscopic port sites using a total of 20 mL of 0.50% bupivacaine.
All patients underwent standardized general anesthesia and received routine perioperative analgesic treatment.
A total of 135 patients had been allocated during routine clinical care. Following retrospective application of the predefined eligibility criteria, 45 patients were excluded, leaving 90 patients for analysis (30 in each group).
Postoperative pain intensity during movement was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) at 15 minutes and 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours after surgery. The primary outcome was the VAS pain score at 2 hours. Secondary outcomes included pain scores at the remaining assessment times, the proportion of patients requiring rescue opioid analgesia, and the incidence of opioid-related adverse events.
The study compared postoperative analgesic outcomes associated with the three techniques under routine clinical practice conditions. Because the analysis was retrospective and the total local anesthetic dose differed between groups, the findings were interpreted as observational associations rather than definitive causal effects.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Retrospective
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| M-TAPA Block | – | Procedure: Modified Thoracoabdominal Nerve Block Through the Perichondrial ApproachPatients who received bilateral ultrasound-guided modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through the perichondrial approach (M-TAPA) as part of routine clinical care. A total of 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine was administered on each side (40 mL total). This group included 30 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. |
| EOIP Block | – | Procedure: External Oblique Intercostal Plane BlockPatients who received bilateral ultrasound-guided external oblique intercostal plane (EOIP) block as part of routine clinical care. A total of 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine was administered on each side (40 mL total). This group included 30 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. |
| Local Anesthetic Infiltration | – | Procedure: Local anesthetic infiltrationPatients who received local anesthetic infiltration around the four laparoscopic port sites as part of routine clinical care. A total of 20 mL of 0.50% bupivacaine was administered, with approximately 5 mL injected at each port site. This group included 30 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- The study population consisted of adult patients aged 18 years or older with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia at Pamukkale University Hospital, Türkiye, between January and April 2025. Patients were identified retrospectively from routinely collected hospital medical records and categorized according to the postoperative analgesic technique received: modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through the perichondrial approach (M-TAPA), external oblique intercostal plane (EOIP) block, or local anesthetic infiltration. Of 135 initially assessed patients, 90 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final analysis, with 30 patients in each group.
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Adults aged 18 years or older.
- American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II.
- Patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia between January and April 2025.
- Patients who received M-TAPA block, EOIP block, or local anesthetic infiltration as part of routine clinical care.
- Availability of complete medical records for postoperative pain assessment and analgesic outcomes
Key exclusion criteria (8 listed)
- Major organ failure, including renal, hepatic, or cardiac failure.
- Significant cardiovascular conditions, including atrioventricular block, unstable angina, myocardial infarction within the preceding 6 weeks, heart rate below 50 beats/min, or systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg.
- Body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m².
- Neurological or psychiatric disorders that could impair communication or pain assessment.
- Use of antidepressant medications, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants, or mirtazapine.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Modified Thoracoabdominal Nerve Block Through the Perichondrial ApproachBilateral ultrasound-guided modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through the perichondrial approach (M-TAPA) was performed after completion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Under sterile conditions, 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine was injected on each side into the fascial plane between the transversus abdominis muscle and the costochondral structure, for a total volume of 40 mL. The procedure was performed as part of routine clinical care. | Procedure or surgery | M-TAPA Block |
| External Oblique Intercostal Plane BlockBilateral ultrasound-guided external oblique intercostal plane (EOIP) block was performed after completion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Under sterile conditions, 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine was injected on each side into the fascial plane between the external oblique and intercostal muscles at the level of the sixth and seventh ribs, for a total volume of 40 mL. The procedure was performed as part of routine clinical care. | Procedure or surgery | EOIP Block |
| Local anesthetic infiltrationLocal anesthetic infiltration was performed by the surgeon at the end of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A total of 20 mL of 0.50% bupivacaine was administered around the four laparoscopic port sites, with approximately 5 mL injected at each site. The procedure was performed as part of routine clinical care. | Procedure or surgery | Local Anesthetic Infiltration |
Primary outcome
Postoperative Pain Intensity at 2 Hours
Time frame: 2 hours after surgery
Postoperative pain intensity during movement was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 2 hours after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The VAS ranges from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the worst imaginable pain. Lower scores indicate less postoperative pain. VAS scores were compared among the M-TAPA, EOIP, and local anesthetic infiltration groups.
6 secondary outcomes
Postoperative Pain Intensity at 15 Minutes
Time frame: 15 minutes after surgery
Postoperative Pain Intensity at 4 Hours
Time frame: 4 hours after surgery
Postoperative Pain Intensity at 8 Hours
Time frame: 8 hours after surgery
Postoperative Pain Intensity at 16 Hours
Time frame: 24 hours after surgery
Proportion of Patients Requiring Rescue Opioid Analgesia
Time frame: Within 24 hours after surgery
Incidence of Opioid-Related Adverse Events
Time frame: Within 24 hours after surgery
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 19 Oct 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. De-identified individual participant data underlying the results reported in this study may be shared, including baseline demographic and perioperative characteristics, analgesic technique received (M-TAPA, EOIP, or local anesthetic infiltration), postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at 15 minutes and 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours, rescue opioid analgesia requirements, and opioid-related adverse events, including nausea, vomiting, pruritus, hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, and sedation. Data will be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author and subject to applicable ethical and institutional requirements.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Postoperative Pain and Cholecystectomy, run by Pamukkale University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 8 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 19 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Postoperative Pain Intensity at 2 Hours (time frame: 2 hours after surgery). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 19 Oct 2026.