FibrosisNCT02947516
Comparison of EUS-Guided Liver Biopsy With Percutaneous Liver Biopsy
A study testing Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy and Percutaneous liver biopsy in people with Fibrosis, run by Brigham and Women's Hospital.
Trial summary
There are several ways to perform liver biopsies, including the percutaneous route (historical gold standard) and via endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance. The primary aim of this study is to prospectively compare patients undergoing EUS-guided liver biopsies to patients undergoing percutaneous biopsy. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Fibrosis
- What is being tested?
- Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy and Percutaneous liver biopsy
- Type of treatment
- Surgery or procedure
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 0 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- Jan 2017to Dec 2018
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Age 18 years and older
- Eligibility for receiving conscious sedation or monitored anesthesia care
- Abnormal liver function tests with comprehensive previous evaluation (including serologic testing and cross-sectional imaging) leading to an appropriate decision to proceed with liver biopsy and/or portal pressure measurements.
Who cannot join
- Suspected or known malignant liver disease
- Severe thrombocytopenia (platelets <50,000/microL)
- Severe coagulopathy (international normalized ratio [INR] > 1.7 or other known coagulopathy)
- Use of antiplatelet agents within 7 days of the procedure
- Inability to provide informed consent
- Pregnancy or suspected pregnancy
About this study
Official title: Comparison of Pain Scores Between Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)-Guided Liver Biopsy and Percutaneous Liver Biopsy
There are several ways to perform liver biopsies, including the percutaneous route (historical gold standard) and via endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance. The primary aim of this study is to prospectively compare patients undergoing EUS-guided liver biopsies to patients undergoing percutaneous biopsy. The investigators hypothesize that (1) patients who are randomized to undergo EUS-guided liver biopsy will rate themselves as having less pain in the 48 hours following the procedure, and (2) will have comparable histologic yield to a 2:1 matched cohort of patients undergoing percutaneous liver biopsies.
Read the detailed description
Currently, liver biopsy is the gold standard for determining the index of liver fibrosis in a patient with chronic liver disease, and whether the patient has progressed to cirrhosis. These biopsies are predominantly performed percutaneously. However, there are several complications related to liver biopsy, the most common of which are pain and bleeding.
There has been significant movement over the past several years to assess the utility of alternative techniques and approaches for the evaluation of liver disease. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a well-established technique for diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of gastrointestinal and pancreaticobiliary disorders. EUS-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) has shown to be technically simple, safe, and provides adequate diagnostic yield for evaluation of liver disease in both children and adults. There are several advantages to EUS-LB. First, it would theoretically be less painful than the percutaneous approach, as it does not require skin puncture and also offers the comfort of sedation and analgesia. It also eliminates the need for breath hold. Furthermore, it is an image-guided approach which allows visualization and avoidance of blood vessels even 1 mm in size. Additionally, it provides an access area to a much wider segment of liver parenchyma as the entire left lobe, and the majority of the right lobe can be evaluated for possible needle puncture sites from the stomach and duodenal bulb, respectively. In addition to obtaining tissue, EUS-LB also offers the benefit of evaluating the biliary tree, gallbladder, pancreas, lymph nodes, and vascular anatomy for a more comprehensive evaluation in the same setting. Finally, in patients ultimately found to have biopsy-proven cirrhosis, it simultaneously provides the necessary variceal screening which would otherwise require an additional procedure.
The aim of this study is to prospectively perform EUS-guided liver biopsies in patients who are otherwise candidates for percutaneous biopsy. We hypothesize that (1) patients who are randomized to undergo EUS-guided liver biopsy will rate themselves as having less pain in the 48 hours following the procedure and (2) will have comparable histologic yield to a 2:1 matched cohort of patients undergoing percutaneous transjugular liver biopsies.
- Conditions
- Fibrosis
- Being tested
- Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy, Percutaneous liver biopsy
- Keywords
- Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration, liver, biopsy, pain
- Medical subject headings
- Fibrosis, Pain
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsyProcedure or surgery
Participants will undergo endoscopic ultrasound per standard technique, with liver biopsy performed at that time.
Percutaneous liver biopsyProcedure or surgery
Participants will undergo percutaneous liver biopsy per standard protocol.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Percutaneous liver biopsy | Active comparator | Participants will be referred for liver biopsy by their hepatologist/gastroenterologist. The intervention is that these participants will undergo a percutaneous liver biopsy per standard protocol. Receives: Procedure: Percutaneous liver biopsy |
| EUS-guided liver biopsy | Experimental | Participants will be referred for liver biopsy by their hepatologist/gastroenterologist. The intervention is that these participants will undergo an endoscopic ultrasound procedure per standard protocol. The liver will be identified, and Color Doppler imaging prior to needle puncture will confirm lack of significant vascular structures within the needle path. Liver biopsies using up to 1-2 passes from the left hepatic lobe using a transgastric approach and up to 1-2 passes from the right hepatic lobe using a transduodenal bulb approach will be performed. The participant will be observed in the recovery unit for up to 60 minutes after the EUS-LB, and discharged if no pain or signs of complication. Receives: Procedure: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change From Baseline in Pain Scores on the Universal Pain Assessment Tool (UPAT)
Measured: 48 hours
Secondary outcomes (2)
Pain Medication Requirements
Use of any analgesics/narcotics
Measured: 48 hours
Histologic Yield
Number of portal triads on histology
Measured: 1 week
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted28 Oct 2016 (estimated)
- Study startJan 2017
- Primary completionJun 2018 (estimated)
- Study completionDec 2018 (estimated)
Why it stopped: Funding n/a
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (13)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for FibrosisStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Brigham and Women's HospitalThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Diagnosis
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 0 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Marvin Ryou, Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Investigators
- Marvin Ryou, MD, Principal investigator, Brigham and Women's Hospital
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02947516
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 20162017
- Status last verified
- Apr 2022
- First submitted
- 25 Oct 2016
- Last updated
- 19 Apr 2022
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Bedossa P, Dargere D, Paradis V. Sampling variability of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003 Dec;38(6):1449-57. doi: 10.1016/j.hep.2003.09.022.
PubMed 14647056Eisenberg E, Konopniki M, Veitsman E, Kramskay R, Gaitini D, Baruch Y. Prevalence and characteristics of pain induced by percutaneous liver biopsy. Anesth Analg. 2003 May;96(5):1392-1396. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000060453.74744.17.
PubMed 12707140Caldwell SH. Controlling pain in liver biopsy, or "we will probably need to repeat the biopsy in a year or two to assess the response". Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 May;96(5):1327-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03847.x. No abstract available.
PubMed 11374664Piccinino F, Sagnelli E, Pasquale G, Giusti G. Complications following percutaneous liver biopsy. A multicentre retrospective study on 68,276 biopsies. J Hepatol. 1986;2(2):165-73. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(86)80075-7.
PubMed 3958472Huang JF, Hsieh MY, Dai CY, Hou NJ, Lee LP, Lin ZY, Chen SC, Wang LY, Hsieh MY, Chang WY, Yu ML, Chuang WL. The incidence and risks of liver biopsy in non-cirrhotic patients: An evaluation of 3806 biopsies. Gut. 2007 May;56(5):736-7. doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.115410. No abstract available.
PubMed 17440193Perrault J, McGill DB, Ott BJ, Taylor WF. Liver biopsy: complications in 1000 inpatients and outpatients. Gastroenterology. 1978 Jan;74(1):103-6.
PubMed 618417Firpi RJ, Soldevila-Pico C, Abdelmalek MF, Morelli G, Judah J, Nelson DR. Short recovery time after percutaneous liver biopsy: should we change our current practices? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Sep;3(9):926-9. doi: 10.1016/s1542-3565(05)00294-6.
PubMed 16234032Stone MA, Mayberry JF. An audit of ultrasound guided liver biopsies: a need for evidence-based practice. Hepatogastroenterology. 1996 Mar-Apr;43(8):432-4.
PubMed 8714240Hollerbach S, Willert J, Topalidis T, Reiser M, Schmiegel W. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of liver lesions: histological and cytological assessment. Endoscopy. 2003 Sep;35(9):743-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-41593.
PubMed 12929021Fuccio L, Larghi A. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration: How to obtain a core biopsy? Endosc Ultrasound. 2014 Apr;3(2):71-81. doi: 10.4103/2303-9027.123011.
PubMed 24955336Stavropoulos SN, Im GY, Jlayer Z, Harris MD, Pitea TC, Turi GK, Malet PF, Friedel DM, Grendell JH. High yield of same-session EUS-guided liver biopsy by 19-gauge FNA needle in patients undergoing EUS to exclude biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012 Feb;75(2):310-8. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.09.043.
PubMed 22248599Iglesias-Garcia J, Poley JW, Larghi A, Giovannini M, Petrone MC, Abdulkader I, Monges G, Costamagna G, Arcidiacono P, Biermann K, Rindi G, Bories E, Dogloni C, Bruno M, Dominguez-Munoz JE. Feasibility and yield of a new EUS histology needle: results from a multicenter, pooled, cohort study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011 Jun;73(6):1189-96. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.01.053. Epub 2011 Mar 21.
PubMed 21420083Johal AS, Khara HS, Maksimak MG, Diehl DL. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy in pediatric patients. Endosc Ultrasound. 2014 Jul;3(3):191-4. doi: 10.4103/2303-9027.138794.
PubMed 25184126
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 19 Apr 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Comparison of Pain Scores Between Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)-Guided Liver Biopsy and Percutaneous Liver Biopsy
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02947516
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 20162017
- Conditions
- Fibrosis
- Keywords
- Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration, liver, biopsy, pain
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- WithdrawnReason stopped: Funding n/a
- Enrolment
- 0 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Brigham and Women's HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Jan 2017
- Primary completion
- Jun 2018 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Dec 2018 (estimated)
- First posted
- 28 Oct 2016 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
There are several ways to perform liver biopsies, including the percutaneous route (historical gold standard) and via endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance. The primary aim of this study is to prospectively compare patients undergoing EUS-guided liver biopsies to patients undergoing percutaneous biopsy. The investigators hypothesize that (1) patients who are randomized to undergo EUS-guided liver biopsy will rate themselves as having less pain in the 48 hours following the procedure, and (2) will have comparable histologic yield to a 2:1 matched cohort of patients undergoing percutaneous liver biopsies.
Detailed description
Currently, liver biopsy is the gold standard for determining the index of liver fibrosis in a patient with chronic liver disease, and whether the patient has progressed to cirrhosis. These biopsies are predominantly performed percutaneously. However, there are several complications related to liver biopsy, the most common of which are pain and bleeding.
There has been significant movement over the past several years to assess the utility of alternative techniques and approaches for the evaluation of liver disease. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a well-established technique for diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of gastrointestinal and pancreaticobiliary disorders. EUS-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) has shown to be technically simple, safe, and provides adequate diagnostic yield for evaluation of liver disease in both children and adults. There are several advantages to EUS-LB. First, it would theoretically be less painful than the percutaneous approach, as it does not require skin puncture and also offers the comfort of sedation and analgesia. It also eliminates the need for breath hold. Furthermore, it is an image-guided approach which allows visualization and avoidance of blood vessels even 1 mm in size. Additionally, it provides an access area to a much wider segment of liver parenchyma as the entire left lobe, and the majority of the right lobe can be evaluated for possible needle puncture sites from the stomach and duodenal bulb, respectively. In addition to obtaining tissue, EUS-LB also offers the benefit of evaluating the biliary tree, gallbladder, pancreas, lymph nodes, and vascular anatomy for a more comprehensive evaluation in the same setting. Finally, in patients ultimately found to have biopsy-proven cirrhosis, it simultaneously provides the necessary variceal screening which would otherwise require an additional procedure.
The aim of this study is to prospectively perform EUS-guided liver biopsies in patients who are otherwise candidates for percutaneous biopsy. We hypothesize that (1) patients who are randomized to undergo EUS-guided liver biopsy will rate themselves as having less pain in the 48 hours following the procedure and (2) will have comparable histologic yield to a 2:1 matched cohort of patients undergoing percutaneous transjugular liver biopsies.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Diagnosis
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Percutaneous liver biopsy | Active comparator | Procedure: Percutaneous liver biopsyParticipants will be referred for liver biopsy by their hepatologist/gastroenterologist. The intervention is that these participants will undergo a percutaneous liver biopsy per standard protocol. |
| EUS-guided liver biopsy | Experimental | Procedure: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsyParticipants will be referred for liver biopsy by their hepatologist/gastroenterologist. The intervention is that these participants will undergo an endoscopic ultrasound procedure per standard protocol. The liver will be identified, and Color Doppler imaging prior to needle puncture will confirm lack of significant vascular structures within the needle path. Liver biopsies using up to 1-2 passes from the left hepatic lobe using a transgastric approach and up to 1-2 passes from the right hepatic lobe using a transduodenal bulb approach will be performed. The participant will be observed in the recovery unit for up to 60 minutes after the EUS-LB, and discharged if no pain or signs of complication. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Age 18 years and older
- Eligibility for receiving conscious sedation or monitored anesthesia care
- Abnormal liver function tests with comprehensive previous evaluation (including serologic testing and cross-sectional imaging) leading to an appropriate decision to proceed with liver biopsy and/or portal pressure measurements.
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Suspected or known malignant liver disease
- Severe thrombocytopenia (platelets <50,000/microL)
- Severe coagulopathy (international normalized ratio [INR] > 1.7 or other known coagulopathy)
- Use of antiplatelet agents within 7 days of the procedure
- Inability to provide informed consent
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsyParticipants will undergo endoscopic ultrasound per standard technique, with liver biopsy performed at that time. | Procedure or surgery | EUS-guided liver biopsy |
| Percutaneous liver biopsyParticipants will undergo percutaneous liver biopsy per standard protocol. | Procedure or surgery | Percutaneous liver biopsy |
Primary outcome
Change From Baseline in Pain Scores on the Universal Pain Assessment Tool (UPAT)
Time frame: 48 hours
2 secondary outcomes
Pain Medication Requirements
Time frame: 48 hours
Histologic Yield
Time frame: 1 week
Results and safety
The study was withdrawn before enrolling participants, so there are no results.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 19 Apr 2022.
- Results publication: PubMed 14647056Bedossa P, Dargere D, Paradis V. Sampling variability of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003 Dec;38(6):1449-57. doi: 10.1016/j.hep.2003.09.022.
- Results publication: PubMed 12707140Eisenberg E, Konopniki M, Veitsman E, Kramskay R, Gaitini D, Baruch Y. Prevalence and characteristics of pain induced by percutaneous liver biopsy. Anesth Analg. 2003 May;96(5):1392-1396. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000060453.74744.17.
- Results publication: PubMed 11374664Caldwell SH. Controlling pain in liver biopsy, or "we will probably need to repeat the biopsy in a year or two to assess the response". Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 May;96(5):1327-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03847.x. No abstract available.
- Results publication: PubMed 3958472Piccinino F, Sagnelli E, Pasquale G, Giusti G. Complications following percutaneous liver biopsy. A multicentre retrospective study on 68,276 biopsies. J Hepatol. 1986;2(2):165-73. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(86)80075-7.
- Results publication: PubMed 17440193Huang JF, Hsieh MY, Dai CY, Hou NJ, Lee LP, Lin ZY, Chen SC, Wang LY, Hsieh MY, Chang WY, Yu ML, Chuang WL. The incidence and risks of liver biopsy in non-cirrhotic patients: An evaluation of 3806 biopsies. Gut. 2007 May;56(5):736-7. doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.115410. No abstract available.
- Results publication: PubMed 618417Perrault J, McGill DB, Ott BJ, Taylor WF. Liver biopsy: complications in 1000 inpatients and outpatients. Gastroenterology. 1978 Jan;74(1):103-6.
- Results publication: PubMed 16234032Firpi RJ, Soldevila-Pico C, Abdelmalek MF, Morelli G, Judah J, Nelson DR. Short recovery time after percutaneous liver biopsy: should we change our current practices? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Sep;3(9):926-9. doi: 10.1016/s1542-3565(05)00294-6.
- Results publication: PubMed 8714240Stone MA, Mayberry JF. An audit of ultrasound guided liver biopsies: a need for evidence-based practice. Hepatogastroenterology. 1996 Mar-Apr;43(8):432-4.
- Results publication: PubMed 12929021Hollerbach S, Willert J, Topalidis T, Reiser M, Schmiegel W. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of liver lesions: histological and cytological assessment. Endoscopy. 2003 Sep;35(9):743-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-41593.
- Results publication: PubMed 24955336Fuccio L, Larghi A. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration: How to obtain a core biopsy? Endosc Ultrasound. 2014 Apr;3(2):71-81. doi: 10.4103/2303-9027.123011.
- Results publication: PubMed 22248599Stavropoulos SN, Im GY, Jlayer Z, Harris MD, Pitea TC, Turi GK, Malet PF, Friedel DM, Grendell JH. High yield of same-session EUS-guided liver biopsy by 19-gauge FNA needle in patients undergoing EUS to exclude biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012 Feb;75(2):310-8. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.09.043.
- Results publication: PubMed 21420083Iglesias-Garcia J, Poley JW, Larghi A, Giovannini M, Petrone MC, Abdulkader I, Monges G, Costamagna G, Arcidiacono P, Biermann K, Rindi G, Bories E, Dogloni C, Bruno M, Dominguez-Munoz JE. Feasibility and yield of a new EUS histology needle: results from a multicenter, pooled, cohort study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011 Jun;73(6):1189-96. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.01.053. Epub 2011 Mar 21.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Related trials for Fibrosis
Not yet recruitingPhase 2
Effectiveness of Oxitard Gel Versus Physiotherapeutic and Pharmacological Interventions in Alleviating Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Phase-II Randomized Control Trial
Oral and Maxillofacial Conditions
RecruitingPhase 2
A Study of 24 to 52 Weeks Treatment to Evaluate The Efficacy And Safety of Galvokimig in Adult Study Participants With Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis
Non-cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis
Recruiting
Optimal Treatment Strategy for Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis, Paracentesis
RecruitingPhase 1/2
Phase I/II Study of Pacritinib, A JAK2/IRAK1/CSF1R Inhibitor, in Refractory Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease (cGVHD) After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT)
Graft vs Host Disease
RecruitingPhase 3
A Study Evaluating Efruxifermin in Subjects With Non-Cirrhotic Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)/Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH) and Fibrosis
NASH With Fibrosis, MASH With Fibrosis
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Marvin Ryou, MD principal investigator
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy and Percutaneous liver biopsy in people with Fibrosis, run by Brigham and Women's Hospital.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: withdrawn, as of the sponsor's last update on 19 Apr 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study was withdrawn before enrolling participants, so there are no results.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change From Baseline in Pain Scores on the Universal Pain Assessment Tool (UPAT) (time frame: 48 hours). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02947516, which also lists 13 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 19 Apr 2022.