Induction of Labor Affected Fetus / NewbornNCT02975167
Patient Satisfaction During Outpatient Versus Inpatient Foley Catheter Induction of Labor
A study testing Outpatient Cervical Ripening, Inpatient Cervical Ripening and Foley catheter placement in people with Induction of Labor Affected Fetus / Newborn and Cervical Ripening, run by MemorialCare Health System at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Labor induction is one of the most common obstetric procedures performed in the U.S. In 2012, the last year for which data is available, 23.7% of all deliveries were the result of inductions. Labor induction first requires cervical ripening, which can be accomplished by several different methods. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Induction of Labor Affected Fetus / Newborn, Cervical Ripening, Patient Satisfaction
- What is being tested?
- Outpatient Cervical Ripening, Inpatient Cervical Ripening and Foley catheter placement
- Type of treatment
- Surgery or procedure, Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 94 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- Nov 2016to 29 Jan 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- > 18 yo
- Singleton pregnancy
- ≥ 39 weeks gestation
- Vertex presenting fetus
Who cannot join
- < 18 years of age
- Maternal cardiac disease
- Class C diabetes mellitus or worse (as defined by the White classification system for diabetes in pregnancy)
- Gestational or chronic hypertension
- Active or history of venous thromboembolic disease requiring chemical anticoagulation
- Bleeding disorders
Show all 17Show fewer
- History of placental abruption during current gestation
- Fetal anomalies
- Intrauterine growth restriction < 5th percentile
- Prior uterine scar
- Vasa or placenta previa
- Active genital herpes
- Non-vertex fetal lie
- Amniotic fluid index (AFI) < 5cm
- Multiple gestation
- (Pre)eclampsia
- Latex allergy
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Miller Women's and Children's Hospital Long Beach
Long Beach, California, 90806
About this study
Labor induction is one of the most common obstetric procedures performed in the U.S. In 2012, the last year for which data is available, 23.7% of all deliveries were the result of inductions. Labor induction first requires cervical ripening, which can be accomplished by several different methods. Vaginal or oral prostaglandins, extra amniotic saline infusion, osmotic dilators and transcervical Foley catheters are all widely used instruments for pre-induction cervical ripening. The ideal cervical ripening tool is safe for both mother and fetus, incurs low cost, does not require extensive monitoring, and causes minimal maternal discomfort. The Foley catheter has been found to be both safe and effective, but little is known about patient satisfaction with the device in an in-patient and out-patient setting. The proposed study will investigate patient satisfaction in a randomized controlled trial of in-patient versus out-patient use of Foley catheters.
Read the detailed description
Labor induction is one of the most common obstetric procedures performed in the U.S. In 2013, the last year for which data is available, 23.1% of all deliveries were the result of inductions. Labor induction often first requires cervical ripening, which can be accomplished by several different methods.
Pharmacologic cervical ripening approaches include vaginal or oral prostaglandin administration. Mechanical cervical ripening methods include osmotic dilators such as laminaria, and transcervical Foley catheters with or without extra amniotic saline infusion. The ideal cervical ripening tool is effective, safe for both mother and fetus, incurs low cost, does not require extensive monitoring, and causes minimal maternal discomfort.
Several recent meta-analyses have demonstrated both the safety and efficacy of the Foley catheter for pre-induction cervical ripening. When compared to prostaglandins, studies have shown that use of the transcervical Foley catheter for pre-induction cervical ripening results in either shortened or no statistically significant difference in vaginal delivery rates at 24 hours. No studies have demonstrated longer duration to vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery rates are equivalent. In addition, women with Foley catheters experience less uterine hyper-stimulation resulting in fetal heart rate changes as compared to those who receive prostaglandins. Other than one study suggesting increased risks of chorioamnionitis and neonatal infection, the vast majority of research suggests Foley catheters are overwhelming safe with little risk of severe maternal or neonatal morbidity.
Due to its safety profile and the ongoing desire to reduce healthcare costs, many institutions have initiated outpatient cervical ripening protocols. Studies suggest that outpatient cervical ripening with transcervical Foley catheter is both safe and effective. In addition, some studies demonstrate women who underwent outpatient cervical ripening spent less time in the hospital during their labor induction, sometimes resulting in significant cost savings at those institutions. The combination of safety, ease of use and cost savings potential make outpatient cervical ripening with a Foley catheter an appealing tool for both clinicians and patients. However, data on patient satisfaction with almost all methods of cervical ripening is sparse. Existing data on patient satisfaction of outpatient versus inpatient induction of labor stems from prior studies which used vaginal misoprostol gel or isosorbide mononitrate as induction agents. While one study suggests overall satisfaction with outpatient Foley catheter cervical ripening, a randomized controlled trial on this topic has yet to be performed.
- Being tested
- Outpatient Cervical Ripening, Inpatient Cervical Ripening, Foley catheter placement, Pre-Foley Questionnaire, Post-Foley Questionnaire
- Keywords
- Induction of labor, mechanical cervical ripening, patient satisfaction, outpatient, cost savings
- Medical subject headings
- Patient Satisfaction
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Outpatient Cervical RipeningOther
Also called randomization to outpatient cervical ripening
The experimental arm of the study will be subjects randomized to the outpatient group. Once randomized, subjects will complete a survey assessing their attitudes, fears, anxiety, satisfaction and expected hours of sleep with outpatient induction of labor. Following placement of the Foley catheter, the subjects will be given detailed instructions for which to return to the hospital, as well as provided a 24 hour phone number to call if they have questions. They will be instructed to return to the hospital once the catheter falls out or if 24 hours has passed since its placement. Upon returning to the hospital, subjects will complete another survey assessing their satisfaction with their induction process.
Inpatient Cervical RipeningOther
Also called Randomization to inpatient cervical ripening
Once randomized to this group, subjects will complete a survey assessing their attitudes, fears, anxiety, satisfaction and expected hours of sleep with inpatient induction of labor. Following placement of the Foley catheter, the subjects will undergo normal labor monitoring until their Foley catheter either falls out or is removed at 24 hours. At this time subjects will complete another survey assessing their satisfaction with their induction process.
Foley catheter placementProcedure or surgery
Subjects randomized to both the inpatient and the outpatient arms will receive this intervention following completion of a survey. A Bard(TM) 16G two-way 5cc silicone-coated latex Foley catheter will be placed by a physician-member of the research team using a sterile metal speculum and ring forceps, or by hand, depending on physician preference. Once placed within the cervical canal, the Foley will be filled with 60cc of saline
Pre-Foley QuestionnaireBehavioural
Prior to randomization into inpatient or outpatient arms, all subjects will complete a questionnaire assessing their attitudes, opinions, fears and anxiety regarding induction of labor.
Post-Foley QuestionnaireBehavioural
Following removal of the Foley catheter (either by a physician at 24 hours or spontaneously), all subjects will complete the same questionnaire as prior assessing their attitudes, opinions, fears and anxiety regarding their induction of labor.
Fetal Non-Stress TestProcedure or surgery
Following placement of the Foley catheter, all subjects, regardless of arm they are randomized to, will undergo a 20-minute NST. The NST will be read by a physician-member of the research team. If the NST is considered to be suspicious based on the physician's evaluation, subjects randomized to the outpatient arm will be moved to the inpatient arm, but evaluated as part of the outpatient arm on an intent-to-treat basis. All subjects randomized to the inpatient arm will be placed on continuous fetal heart rate monitoring, regardless of physician evaluation of the NST.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Inpatient | Experimental | Subjects randomized to this group will receive the same intervention as the outpatient group -- cervical ripening with Foley catheter -- but remain within the hospital. Subjects will be asked to complete a survey assessing their fears, opinions, anxiety, satisfaction and hours of sleep before and after the catheter is placed and removed, respectively.
The intervention: randomization to inpatient cervical ripening Receives: Other: Inpatient Cervical Ripening; Procedure: Foley catheter placement; Behavioral: Pre-Foley Questionnaire; Behavioral: Post-Foley Questionnaire; Procedure: Fetal Non-Stress Test |
| Outpatient | Experimental | Subjects randomized to this group will receive the same intervention as the inpatient group -- cervical ripening with Foley catheter -- but will be discharged home. Subjects will be asked to return to the hospital when the catheter falls out or if 24 hours has elapsed. They will be given detailed instructions and provided a 24 hour phone number to call should they have any concerns. Subjects will be asked to complete a survey assessing their fears, opinions, anxiety, satisfaction and hours of sleep before and after the catheter is placed and removed, respectively.
The intervention: randomization to outpatient cervical ripening Receives: Other: Outpatient Cervical Ripening; Procedure: Foley catheter placement; Behavioral: Pre-Foley Questionnaire; Behavioral: Post-Foley Questionnaire; Procedure: Fetal Non-Stress Test |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Patient satisfaction scores
The primary outcome will be the total score on Part A of the survey, giving an overall rating of the patients' experience with treatment. Means and standard deviations of the total score will be calculated and reported by treatment group among nulliparous and multiparous patients separately. To address the main hypothesis, an ANOVA (analysis-of-variance) will be performed on an intention-to-treat basis and the stratum (nulliparous vs multiparous) will be controlled for in the analysis. The mean difference between treatment groups will be calculated and reported with a 95% confidence interval for the population difference. A two-sample t-test will be used to test for a significant difference in overall rating between in-patient versus out-patient treatment groups.
Measured: Through study completion - expected to be one year
Secondary outcomes (1)
Multiparous versus Nulliparous subjects
Mean differences between in-patient and out-patient treatment will be calculated and reported with 95% confidence intervals among nulliparous and multiparous patients separately. An ANOVA test of interaction will be made in order to address whether multiparous patients rate their experience with the Foley catheter differently than do nulliparous patients.
Measured: Through study completion - expected to be one year
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted29 Nov 2016 (estimated)
- Study startNov 2016
- Primary completion29 Jan 2025
- Study completion29 Jan 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (13)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Induction of Labor Affected Fetus / NewbornStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 94 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- MemorialCare Health System
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Vineet Shrivastava, MemorialCare Health System
- Investigators
- Vineet Shrivastava, MD, Principal investigator, Faculty
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02975167
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 630-15
- Status last verified
- Jul 2025
- First submitted
- 21 Nov 2016
- Last updated
- 23 Jul 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Curtin SC, Matthews TJ. Births: final data for 2013. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2015 Jan 15;64(1):1-65.
PubMed 25603115Gelber S, Sciscione A. Mechanical methods of cervical ripening and labor induction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Sep;49(3):642-57. doi: 10.1097/00003081-200609000-00022.
PubMed 16885669Jozwiak M, Bloemenkamp KW, Kelly AJ, Mol BW, Irion O, Boulvain M. Mechanical methods for induction of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14;(3):CD001233. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001233.pub2.
PubMed 22419277Jozwiak M, ten Eikelder M, Oude Rengerink K, de Groot C, Feitsma H, Spaanderman M, van Pampus M, de Leeuw JW, Mol BW, Bloemenkamp K; PROBAAT Study Group. Foley catheter versus vaginal misoprostol: randomized controlled trial (PROBAAT-M study) and systematic review and meta-analysis of literature. Am J Perinatol. 2014 Feb;31(2):145-56. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1341573. Epub 2013 Apr 5.
PubMed 23564065Kandil M, Emarh M, Sayyed T, Masood A. Foley catheter versus intra-vaginal misoprostol for induction of labor in post-term gestations. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012 Aug;286(2):303-7. doi: 10.1007/s00404-012-2292-8. Epub 2012 Mar 21.
PubMed 22434058Sciscione AC, McCullough H, Manley JS, Shlossman PA, Pollock M, Colmorgen GH. A prospective, randomized comparison of Foley catheter insertion versus intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel for preinduction cervical ripening. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Jan;180(1 Pt 1):55-60. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70149-3.
PubMed 9914578Heinemann J, Gillen G, Sanchez-Ramos L, Kaunitz AM. Do mechanical methods of cervical ripening increase infectious morbidity? A systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Aug;199(2):177-87; discussion 187-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.05.005.
PubMed 18674661McMaster K, Sanchez-Ramos L, Kaunitz AM. Evaluation of a Transcervical Foley Catheter as a Source of Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Sep;126(3):539-551. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001002.
PubMed 26244535Maslovitz S, Lessing JB, Many A. Complications of trans-cervical Foley catheter for labor induction among 1,083 women. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010 Mar;281(3):473-7. doi: 10.1007/s00404-009-1136-7. Epub 2009 Jun 2.
PubMed 19488776Sciscione AC, Bedder CL, Hoffman MK, Ruhstaller K, Shlossman PA. The timing of adverse events with Foley catheter preinduction cervical ripening; implications for outpatient use. Am J Perinatol. 2014 Oct;31(9):781-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1359718. Epub 2013 Dec 17.
PubMed 24347259McKenna DS, Duke JM. Effectiveness and infectious morbidity of outpatient cervical ripening with a Foley catheter. J Reprod Med. 2004 Jan;49(1):28-32.
PubMed 14976792Kelly AJ, Alfirevic Z, Ghosh A. Outpatient versus inpatient induction of labour for improving birth outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Nov 12;(11):CD007372. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007372.pub3.
PubMed 24222365Alfirevic Z, Gyte GM, Nogueira Pileggi V, Plachcinski R, Osoti AO, Finucane EM. Home versus inpatient induction of labour for improving birth outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 27;8(8):CD007372. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007372.pub4.
PubMed 32852803
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Jul 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Patient Satisfaction During Outpatient Versus Inpatient Foley Catheter Induction of Labor
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02975167
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 630-15
- Keywords
- Induction of labor, mechanical cervical ripening, patient satisfaction, outpatient, cost savings
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 94 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- MemorialCare Health SystemUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Nov 2016
- Primary completion
- 29 Jan 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 29 Jan 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 29 Nov 2016 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Labor induction is one of the most common obstetric procedures performed in the U.S. In 2012, the last year for which data is available, 23.7% of all deliveries were the result of inductions. Labor induction first requires cervical ripening, which can be accomplished by several different methods. Vaginal or oral prostaglandins, extra amniotic saline infusion, osmotic dilators and transcervical Foley catheters are all widely used instruments for pre-induction cervical ripening. The ideal cervical ripening tool is safe for both mother and fetus, incurs low cost, does not require extensive monitoring, and causes minimal maternal discomfort. The Foley catheter has been found to be both safe and effective, but little is known about patient satisfaction with the device in an in-patient and out-patient setting. The proposed study will investigate patient satisfaction in a randomized controlled trial of in-patient versus out-patient use of Foley catheters.
Detailed description
Labor induction is one of the most common obstetric procedures performed in the U.S. In 2013, the last year for which data is available, 23.1% of all deliveries were the result of inductions. Labor induction often first requires cervical ripening, which can be accomplished by several different methods.
Pharmacologic cervical ripening approaches include vaginal or oral prostaglandin administration. Mechanical cervical ripening methods include osmotic dilators such as laminaria, and transcervical Foley catheters with or without extra amniotic saline infusion. The ideal cervical ripening tool is effective, safe for both mother and fetus, incurs low cost, does not require extensive monitoring, and causes minimal maternal discomfort.
Several recent meta-analyses have demonstrated both the safety and efficacy of the Foley catheter for pre-induction cervical ripening. When compared to prostaglandins, studies have shown that use of the transcervical Foley catheter for pre-induction cervical ripening results in either shortened or no statistically significant difference in vaginal delivery rates at 24 hours. No studies have demonstrated longer duration to vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery rates are equivalent. In addition, women with Foley catheters experience less uterine hyper-stimulation resulting in fetal heart rate changes as compared to those who receive prostaglandins. Other than one study suggesting increased risks of chorioamnionitis and neonatal infection, the vast majority of research suggests Foley catheters are overwhelming safe with little risk of severe maternal or neonatal morbidity.
Due to its safety profile and the ongoing desire to reduce healthcare costs, many institutions have initiated outpatient cervical ripening protocols. Studies suggest that outpatient cervical ripening with transcervical Foley catheter is both safe and effective. In addition, some studies demonstrate women who underwent outpatient cervical ripening spent less time in the hospital during their labor induction, sometimes resulting in significant cost savings at those institutions. The combination of safety, ease of use and cost savings potential make outpatient cervical ripening with a Foley catheter an appealing tool for both clinicians and patients. However, data on patient satisfaction with almost all methods of cervical ripening is sparse. Existing data on patient satisfaction of outpatient versus inpatient induction of labor stems from prior studies which used vaginal misoprostol gel or isosorbide mononitrate as induction agents. While one study suggests overall satisfaction with outpatient Foley catheter cervical ripening, a randomized controlled trial on this topic has yet to be performed.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Inpatient | Experimental | Other: Inpatient Cervical Ripening, Procedure: Foley catheter placement, Behavioral: Pre-Foley Questionnaire, Behavioral: Post-Foley Questionnaire, Procedure: Fetal Non-Stress TestSubjects randomized to this group will receive the same intervention as the outpatient group -- cervical ripening with Foley catheter -- but remain within the hospital. Subjects will be asked to complete a survey assessing their fears, opinions, anxiety, satisfaction and hours of sleep before and after the catheter is placed and removed, respectively. The intervention: randomization to inpatient cervical ripening |
| Outpatient | Experimental | Other: Outpatient Cervical Ripening, Procedure: Foley catheter placement, Behavioral: Pre-Foley Questionnaire, Behavioral: Post-Foley Questionnaire, Procedure: Fetal Non-Stress TestSubjects randomized to this group will receive the same intervention as the inpatient group -- cervical ripening with Foley catheter -- but will be discharged home. Subjects will be asked to return to the hospital when the catheter falls out or if 24 hours has elapsed. They will be given detailed instructions and provided a 24 hour phone number to call should they have any concerns. Subjects will be asked to complete a survey assessing their fears, opinions, anxiety, satisfaction and hours of sleep before and after the catheter is placed and removed, respectively. The intervention: randomization to outpatient cervical ripening |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- > 18 yo
- Singleton pregnancy
- ≥ 39 weeks gestation
- Vertex presenting fetus
Key exclusion criteria (17 listed)
- < 18 years of age
- Maternal cardiac disease
- Class C diabetes mellitus or worse (as defined by the White classification system for diabetes in pregnancy)
- Gestational or chronic hypertension
- Active or history of venous thromboembolic disease requiring chemical anticoagulation
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Outpatient Cervical RipeningAlso: randomization to outpatient cervical ripeningThe experimental arm of the study will be subjects randomized to the outpatient group. Once randomized, subjects will complete a survey assessing their attitudes, fears, anxiety, satisfaction and expected hours of sleep with outpatient induction of labor. Following placement of the Foley catheter, the subjects will be given detailed instructions for which to return to the hospital, as well as provided a 24 hour phone number to call if they have questions. They will be instructed to return to the hospital once the catheter falls out or if 24 hours has passed since its placement. Upon returning to the hospital, subjects will complete another survey assessing their satisfaction with their induction process. | Other | Outpatient |
| Inpatient Cervical RipeningAlso: Randomization to inpatient cervical ripeningOnce randomized to this group, subjects will complete a survey assessing their attitudes, fears, anxiety, satisfaction and expected hours of sleep with inpatient induction of labor. Following placement of the Foley catheter, the subjects will undergo normal labor monitoring until their Foley catheter either falls out or is removed at 24 hours. At this time subjects will complete another survey assessing their satisfaction with their induction process. | Other | Inpatient |
| Foley catheter placementSubjects randomized to both the inpatient and the outpatient arms will receive this intervention following completion of a survey. A Bard(TM) 16G two-way 5cc silicone-coated latex Foley catheter will be placed by a physician-member of the research team using a sterile metal speculum and ring forceps, or by hand, depending on physician preference. Once placed within the cervical canal, the Foley will be filled with 60cc of saline | Procedure or surgery | Inpatient, Outpatient |
| Pre-Foley QuestionnairePrior to randomization into inpatient or outpatient arms, all subjects will complete a questionnaire assessing their attitudes, opinions, fears and anxiety regarding induction of labor. | Behavioural | Inpatient, Outpatient |
| Post-Foley QuestionnaireFollowing removal of the Foley catheter (either by a physician at 24 hours or spontaneously), all subjects will complete the same questionnaire as prior assessing their attitudes, opinions, fears and anxiety regarding their induction of labor. | Behavioural | Inpatient, Outpatient |
| Fetal Non-Stress TestFollowing placement of the Foley catheter, all subjects, regardless of arm they are randomized to, will undergo a 20-minute NST. The NST will be read by a physician-member of the research team. If the NST is considered to be suspicious based on the physician's evaluation, subjects randomized to the outpatient arm will be moved to the inpatient arm, but evaluated as part of the outpatient arm on an intent-to-treat basis. All subjects randomized to the inpatient arm will be placed on continuous fetal heart rate monitoring, regardless of physician evaluation of the NST. | Procedure or surgery | Inpatient, Outpatient |
Primary outcome
Patient satisfaction scores
Time frame: Through study completion - expected to be one year
The primary outcome will be the total score on Part A of the survey, giving an overall rating of the patients' experience with treatment. Means and standard deviations of the total score will be calculated and reported by treatment group among nulliparous and multiparous patients separately. To address the main hypothesis, an ANOVA (analysis-of-variance) will be performed on an intention-to-treat basis and the stratum (nulliparous vs multiparous) will be controlled for in the analysis. The mean difference between treatment groups will be calculated and reported with a 95% confidence interval for the population difference. A two-sample t-test will be used to test for a significant difference in overall rating between in-patient versus out-patient treatment groups.
1 secondary outcome
Multiparous versus Nulliparous subjects
Time frame: Through study completion - expected to be one year
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Jul 2025.
- Background: PubMed 25603115Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Curtin SC, Matthews TJ. Births: final data for 2013. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2015 Jan 15;64(1):1-65.
- Background: PubMed 16885669Gelber S, Sciscione A. Mechanical methods of cervical ripening and labor induction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Sep;49(3):642-57. doi: 10.1097/00003081-200609000-00022.
- Background: PubMed 22419277Jozwiak M, Bloemenkamp KW, Kelly AJ, Mol BW, Irion O, Boulvain M. Mechanical methods for induction of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14;(3):CD001233. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001233.pub2.
- Background: PubMed 23564065Jozwiak M, ten Eikelder M, Oude Rengerink K, de Groot C, Feitsma H, Spaanderman M, van Pampus M, de Leeuw JW, Mol BW, Bloemenkamp K; PROBAAT Study Group. Foley catheter versus vaginal misoprostol: randomized controlled trial (PROBAAT-M study) and systematic review and meta-analysis of literature. Am J Perinatol. 2014 Feb;31(2):145-56. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1341573. Epub 2013 Apr 5.
- Background: PubMed 22434058Kandil M, Emarh M, Sayyed T, Masood A. Foley catheter versus intra-vaginal misoprostol for induction of labor in post-term gestations. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012 Aug;286(2):303-7. doi: 10.1007/s00404-012-2292-8. Epub 2012 Mar 21.
- Background: PubMed 9914578Sciscione AC, McCullough H, Manley JS, Shlossman PA, Pollock M, Colmorgen GH. A prospective, randomized comparison of Foley catheter insertion versus intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel for preinduction cervical ripening. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Jan;180(1 Pt 1):55-60. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70149-3.
- Background: PubMed 18674661Heinemann J, Gillen G, Sanchez-Ramos L, Kaunitz AM. Do mechanical methods of cervical ripening increase infectious morbidity? A systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Aug;199(2):177-87; discussion 187-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.05.005.
- Background: PubMed 26244535McMaster K, Sanchez-Ramos L, Kaunitz AM. Evaluation of a Transcervical Foley Catheter as a Source of Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Sep;126(3):539-551. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001002.
- Background: PubMed 19488776Maslovitz S, Lessing JB, Many A. Complications of trans-cervical Foley catheter for labor induction among 1,083 women. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010 Mar;281(3):473-7. doi: 10.1007/s00404-009-1136-7. Epub 2009 Jun 2.
- Background: PubMed 24347259Sciscione AC, Bedder CL, Hoffman MK, Ruhstaller K, Shlossman PA. The timing of adverse events with Foley catheter preinduction cervical ripening; implications for outpatient use. Am J Perinatol. 2014 Oct;31(9):781-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1359718. Epub 2013 Dec 17.
- Background: PubMed 14976792McKenna DS, Duke JM. Effectiveness and infectious morbidity of outpatient cervical ripening with a Foley catheter. J Reprod Med. 2004 Jan;49(1):28-32.
- Background: PubMed 24222365Kelly AJ, Alfirevic Z, Ghosh A. Outpatient versus inpatient induction of labour for improving birth outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Nov 12;(11):CD007372. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007372.pub3.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Vineet Shrivastava, MD principal investigator
Faculty
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Outpatient Cervical Ripening, Inpatient Cervical Ripening and Foley catheter placement in people with Induction of Labor Affected Fetus / Newborn and Cervical Ripening, run by MemorialCare Health System at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 17 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Jul 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Patient satisfaction scores (time frame: Through study completion - expected to be one year). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02975167, which also lists 13 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Jul 2025.