Type 2 DiabetesNCT04261361
Community-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes
A study testing CBCBT intervention, Adherence counseling and Psycho-education package in people with Type 2 Diabetes and Depression, run by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University at 2 sites in Hong Kong.
Trial summary
Objectives: The aim of the study is evaluate the efficacy of a telephone assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence (CBCBT) in type 2 diabetes. Hypothesis: CBCBT will primarily reduce depressive symptoms and improve glycemic control and secondarily, improve adherence and self-care and reduce diabetes-specific… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 25 to 60 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Type 2 Diabetes, Depression
- What is being tested?
- CBCBT intervention, Adherence counseling and Psycho-education package
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 168 participants
- Where
- 2 sitesHong Kong
- Study dates
- 12 Dec 2018to 1 May 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 25 to 60 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Patients have to meet the following criteria: 1) aged between 25 to 60 years; 2) living with Type 2 DM, 3) community dwelling, 4) independent in their activities of daily living as indicated on the Barthel Index and 5) obtained on screening a score of 5 to 9 on the Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-9).
Who cannot join
- Patients will be excluded by a clinician/ investigator for major depression within the past 6 months, lifetime history of other psychiatric disorder including psychosis, schizophrenia ad bipolar affective disorder, serious suicidal risk, alcohol or substance abuse and medical illnesses with prognosis of less than 12 months to live (as identified by reviewing their medical history), already taking medication or receiving psychological intervention for depressive disorders or related symptom, bedridden, having memory loss, not being able to understand or communicate in Chinese language, or refusing to give consent.
Trial locations and contacts
2 sites in 1 country.
Hong Kong2 sites
Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hong Kong
Institute of Active Ageing
Kowloon
About this study
Official title: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Community-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes in Hong Kong
Objectives: The aim of the study is evaluate the efficacy of a telephone assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence (CBCBT) in type 2 diabetes.
Hypothesis: CBCBT will primarily reduce depressive symptoms and improve glycemic control and secondarily, improve adherence and self-care and reduce diabetes-specific distress.
Read more
Design and subjects: This is a prospective randomized two-armed intervention study. One hundred sixty eight participants will be recruited from five sites covering the following clusters: New Territories East, Kowloon East and Hong Kong West.
Intervention: The CBT protocol (Safren et al., 2013) will be used in the intervention. Specific components include: 1) introducing CBT for behavior change, 2) increasing pleasurable activities and mood monitoring, 3) cognitive restructuring, 4) problem-solving in self-care and 5) relaxation training. To maximize accessibility, eight sessions will be delivered face-to-face in group setting and the other four sessions will be delivered by telephone. Three monthly follow-up telephone calls will be made to consolidate treatment gains.
Main outcome measures: Primary outcomes include the Beck Depression Inventory and glycemic control. Secondary outcomes include self-care and diabetes-specific distress.
Data analysis: Treatment outcomes will be assessed by Repeated Measures ANOVA and also Intention to Treat Analysis. Regression models will be used to estimate effect sizes and associations among variables.
Expected results: CBCBT would significantly reduce depressive symptoms and improve glycemic control. With secondary outcomes, CBCBT will improve self-care and reduce diabetes-specific distress.
Read the detailed description
A community-based CBCBT is tested for patients living with diabetes(DM) and subclinical depression. The program includes both face-to-face group sessions and individual telephone sessions. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the efficacy of a mixed mode CBCBT in reducing depressive symptoms and enhancing adherence among adults with DM and subclinical depression. The intervention program consists of three components: 1) eight weekly sessions of face-to-face interventions, 2) four weekly consolidation individual telephone calls and 3) three monthly individual follow-up phone calls.
This is a prospective randomized two-armed intervention study. The CBCBT intervention will be compared with enhanced treatments usual (ETAU) using a single blinded randomized design. The intervention will be delivered by qualified health care professional (e.g. clinical psychology/ social worker/ nurse counsellor) who have had some training in CBCBT in the initial training.
- Conditions
- Type 2 Diabetes, Depression
- Being tested
- CBCBT intervention, Adherence counseling, Psycho-education package
- Keywords
- telephone follow-up, sustainability, cognitive behavioural therapy
- Medical subject headings
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Depression
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
CBCBT interventionBehavioural
Also called CBT
8 group CBT sessions and 4 weekly follow-up calls
Adherence counselingBehavioural
All participants in both CBCBT and ETAU groups will have one session of Life-Steps, a stand-alone CBCBT intervention designed to improve adherence to medical recommendations and individualized DM self-management goals.
Psycho-education packageBehavioural
Printed materials of a DM self-management education program will be delivered to both the CBCBT and ETAU groups.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| CBCBT intervention | Experimental | 1. Adherence counseling
2. Psycho-education package
3. The intervention program consists of three components: 1) eight weekly sessions of face-to-face interventions, 2) four weekly consolidation individual telephone calls and 3) three monthly individual follow-up phone calls. Receives: Behavioral: CBCBT intervention; Behavioral: Adherence counseling; Behavioral: Psycho-education package |
| enhanced treatment as usual (ETAU) | Active comparator | 1. Adherence counseling;
2. Psycho-education package;
3. To maintain some control over the contact time, we will give them 4 bi-weekly individual phone calls of about 10 minutes each while the CBCBT intervention group is having their 8 weeks of face-to-face group sessions. Receives: Behavioral: Adherence counseling; Behavioral: Psycho-education package |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Depressive symptoms
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-I) assesses cognitive, behavioral and somatic symptoms of depression.
Measured: Change from baseline through study completion, an average of 24 weeks
Glycemic control
Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is used to measure glycemic control
Measured: Change from baseline through study completion, an average of 24 weeks
Secondary outcomes (2)
The Summary of DM Self-care Activities Questionnaire (SDSCA)
The revised 11-item SDSCA assess aspects of diabetes self-management that includes diet, exercise, self-monitoring of blood-glucose, foot care, and smoking in the past 7 days (0-7 points) by self-reported frequency.
Measured: Change from baseline through study completion, an average of 24 weeks
DM-specific distress
The DM Distress Scale (DDS) is a 17-item self-administered questionnaire identifying four domains of DM-related distress: emotional burden, physician-related distress, regimen related distress, and interpersonal distress
Measured: Change from baseline through study completion, an average of 24 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted7 Feb 2020
- Study start12 Dec 2018
- Primary completion1 May 2022
- Study completion1 May 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (12)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Type 2 DiabetesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 168 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Dr. Au May-lan Alma, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Investigators
- Alma Au, PhD, Principal investigator, Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04261361
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- HMRFCBCBT
- Status last verified
- Jun 2023
- First submitted
- 22 May 2017
- Last updated
- 7 Jun 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Goldney RD, Phillips PJ, Fisher LJ, Wilson DH. Diabetes, depression, and quality of life: a population study. Diabetes Care. 2004 May;27(5):1066-70. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1066.
PubMed 15111522Ali S, Stone MA, Peters JL, Davies MJ, Khunti K. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2006 Nov;23(11):1165-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01943.x.
PubMed 17054590Gonzalez JS, Shreck E, Psaros C, Safren SA. Distress and type 2 diabetes-treatment adherence: A mediating role for perceived control. Health Psychol. 2015 May;34(5):505-13. doi: 10.1037/hea0000131. Epub 2014 Aug 11.
PubMed 25110840Cully JA, Breland JY, Robertson S, Utech AE, Hundt N, Kunik ME, Petersen NJ, Masozera N, Rao R, Naik AD. Behavioral health coaching for rural veterans with diabetes and depression: a patient randomized effectiveness implementation trial. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014 Apr 28;14:191. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-14-191.
PubMed 24774351Glasgow RE, Nelson CC, Strycker LA, King DK. Using RE-AIM metrics to evaluate diabetes self-management support interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2006 Jan;30(1):67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.08.037.
PubMed 16414426Nan H, Au A, Sum R, et al. Effect of family support intervention in diabetic retinopathy with depressive symptoms: a randomized clinical trial in Hong Kong. The 10th International Diabetes Federation-Western Pacific Congress. Suntec Singapore: International Diabetes Federation-Western Pacific Congress, 2014:ABS-1807.
Zhang Y, Ting R, Lam M, Lam J, Nan H, Yeung R, Yang W, Ji L, Weng J, Wing YK, Sartorius N, Chan JCN. Measuring depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Hong Kong Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Affect Disord. 2013 Nov;151(2):660-666. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.014. Epub 2013 Jul 31.
PubMed 23938133Au A, Gallagher-Thompson D, Wong MK, Leung J, Chan WC, Chan CC, Lu HJ, Lai MK, Chan K. Behavioral activation for dementia caregivers: scheduling pleasant events and enhancing communications. Clin Interv Aging. 2015 Mar 26;10:611-9. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S72348. eCollection 2015.
PubMed 25848237Katon W, Unutzer J, Fan MY, Williams JW Jr, Schoenbaum M, Lin EH, Hunkeler EM. Cost-effectiveness and net benefit of enhanced treatment of depression for older adults with diabetes and depression. Diabetes Care. 2006 Feb;29(2):265-70. doi: 10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1572.
PubMed 16443871Chan BS, Tsang MW, Lee VW, Lee KK. Cost of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus in Hong Kong Chinese. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Aug;45(8):455-68. doi: 10.5414/cpp45455.
PubMed 17725179Hermanns N, Caputo S, Dzida G, Khunti K, Meneghini LF, Snoek F. Screening, evaluation and management of depression in people with diabetes in primary care. Prim Care Diabetes. 2013 Apr;7(1):1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2012.11.002. Epub 2012 Dec 30.
PubMed 23280258Safren SA, Gonzalez JS, Wexler DJ, Psaros C, Delahanty LM, Blashill AJ, Margolina AI, Cagliero E. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):625-33. doi: 10.2337/dc13-0816. Epub 2013 Oct 29.
PubMed 24170758
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 7 Jun 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- A Randomized Controlled Trial of Community-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes in Hong Kong
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04261361
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- HMRFCBCBT
- Conditions
- Type 2 Diabetes, Depression
- Keywords
- telephone follow-up, sustainability, cognitive behavioural therapy
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 168 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 12 Dec 2018 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 May 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 May 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 7 Feb 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Objectives: The aim of the study is evaluate the efficacy of a telephone assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence (CBCBT) in type 2 diabetes.
Hypothesis: CBCBT will primarily reduce depressive symptoms and improve glycemic control and secondarily, improve adherence and self-care and reduce diabetes-specific distress.
Design and subjects: This is a prospective randomized two-armed intervention study. One hundred sixty eight participants will be recruited from five sites covering the following clusters: New Territories East, Kowloon East and Hong Kong West.
Intervention: The CBT protocol (Safren et al., 2013) will be used in the intervention. Specific components include: 1) introducing CBT for behavior change, 2) increasing pleasurable activities and mood monitoring, 3) cognitive restructuring, 4) problem-solving in self-care and 5) relaxation training. To maximize accessibility, eight sessions will be delivered face-to-face in group setting and the other four sessions will be delivered by telephone. Three monthly follow-up telephone calls will be made to consolidate treatment gains.
Main outcome measures: Primary outcomes include the Beck Depression Inventory and glycemic control. Secondary outcomes include self-care and diabetes-specific distress.
Data analysis: Treatment outcomes will be assessed by Repeated Measures ANOVA and also Intention to Treat Analysis. Regression models will be used to estimate effect sizes and associations among variables.
Expected results: CBCBT would significantly reduce depressive symptoms and improve glycemic control. With secondary outcomes, CBCBT will improve self-care and reduce diabetes-specific distress.
Detailed description
A community-based CBCBT is tested for patients living with diabetes(DM) and subclinical depression. The program includes both face-to-face group sessions and individual telephone sessions. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the efficacy of a mixed mode CBCBT in reducing depressive symptoms and enhancing adherence among adults with DM and subclinical depression. The intervention program consists of three components: 1) eight weekly sessions of face-to-face interventions, 2) four weekly consolidation individual telephone calls and 3) three monthly individual follow-up phone calls.
This is a prospective randomized two-armed intervention study. The CBCBT intervention will be compared with enhanced treatments usual (ETAU) using a single blinded randomized design. The intervention will be delivered by qualified health care professional (e.g. clinical psychology/ social worker/ nurse counsellor) who have had some training in CBCBT in the initial training.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| CBCBT intervention | Experimental | Behavioral: CBCBT intervention, Behavioral: Adherence counseling, Behavioral: Psycho-education package1. Adherence counseling 2. Psycho-education package 3. The intervention program consists of three components: 1) eight weekly sessions of face-to-face interventions, 2) four weekly consolidation individual telephone calls and 3) three monthly individual follow-up phone calls. |
| enhanced treatment as usual (ETAU) | Active comparator | Behavioral: Adherence counseling, Behavioral: Psycho-education package1. Adherence counseling; 2. Psycho-education package; 3. To maintain some control over the contact time, we will give them 4 bi-weekly individual phone calls of about 10 minutes each while the CBCBT intervention group is having their 8 weeks of face-to-face group sessions. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 25 to 60 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Patients have to meet the following criteria: 1) aged between 25 to 60 years; 2) living with Type 2 DM, 3) community dwelling, 4) independent in their activities of daily living as indicated on the Barthel Index and 5) obtained on screening a score of 5 to 9 on the Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-9).
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Patients will be excluded by a clinician/ investigator for major depression within the past 6 months, lifetime history of other psychiatric disorder including psychosis, schizophrenia ad bipolar affective disorder, serious suicidal risk, alcohol or substance abuse and medical illnesses with prognosis of less than 12 months to live (as identified by reviewing their medical history), already taking medication or receiving psychological intervention for depressive disorders or related symptom, bedridden, having memory loss, not being able to understand or communicate in Chinese language, or refusing to give consent.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| CBCBT interventionAlso: CBT8 group CBT sessions and 4 weekly follow-up calls | Behavioural | CBCBT intervention |
| Adherence counselingAll participants in both CBCBT and ETAU groups will have one session of Life-Steps, a stand-alone CBCBT intervention designed to improve adherence to medical recommendations and individualized DM self-management goals. | Behavioural | CBCBT intervention, enhanced treatment as usual (ETAU) |
| Psycho-education packagePrinted materials of a DM self-management education program will be delivered to both the CBCBT and ETAU groups. | Behavioural | CBCBT intervention, enhanced treatment as usual (ETAU) |
Primary outcome
Depressive symptoms
Time frame: Change from baseline through study completion, an average of 24 weeks
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-I) assesses cognitive, behavioral and somatic symptoms of depression.
Glycemic control
Time frame: Change from baseline through study completion, an average of 24 weeks
Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is used to measure glycemic control
2 secondary outcomes
The Summary of DM Self-care Activities Questionnaire (SDSCA)
Time frame: Change from baseline through study completion, an average of 24 weeks
DM-specific distress
Time frame: Change from baseline through study completion, an average of 24 weeks
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 7 Jun 2023.
- Background: PubMed 15111522Goldney RD, Phillips PJ, Fisher LJ, Wilson DH. Diabetes, depression, and quality of life: a population study. Diabetes Care. 2004 May;27(5):1066-70. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1066.
- Background: PubMed 17054590Ali S, Stone MA, Peters JL, Davies MJ, Khunti K. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2006 Nov;23(11):1165-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01943.x.
- Background: PubMed 25110840Gonzalez JS, Shreck E, Psaros C, Safren SA. Distress and type 2 diabetes-treatment adherence: A mediating role for perceived control. Health Psychol. 2015 May;34(5):505-13. doi: 10.1037/hea0000131. Epub 2014 Aug 11.
- Background: PubMed 24774351Cully JA, Breland JY, Robertson S, Utech AE, Hundt N, Kunik ME, Petersen NJ, Masozera N, Rao R, Naik AD. Behavioral health coaching for rural veterans with diabetes and depression: a patient randomized effectiveness implementation trial. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014 Apr 28;14:191. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-14-191.
- Background: PubMed 16414426Glasgow RE, Nelson CC, Strycker LA, King DK. Using RE-AIM metrics to evaluate diabetes self-management support interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2006 Jan;30(1):67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.08.037.
- BackgroundNan H, Au A, Sum R, et al. Effect of family support intervention in diabetic retinopathy with depressive symptoms: a randomized clinical trial in Hong Kong. The 10th International Diabetes Federation-Western Pacific Congress. Suntec Singapore: International Diabetes Federation-Western Pacific Congress, 2014:ABS-1807.
- Background: PubMed 23938133Zhang Y, Ting R, Lam M, Lam J, Nan H, Yeung R, Yang W, Ji L, Weng J, Wing YK, Sartorius N, Chan JCN. Measuring depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Hong Kong Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Affect Disord. 2013 Nov;151(2):660-666. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.014. Epub 2013 Jul 31.
- Background: PubMed 25848237Au A, Gallagher-Thompson D, Wong MK, Leung J, Chan WC, Chan CC, Lu HJ, Lai MK, Chan K. Behavioral activation for dementia caregivers: scheduling pleasant events and enhancing communications. Clin Interv Aging. 2015 Mar 26;10:611-9. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S72348. eCollection 2015.
- Background: PubMed 16443871Katon W, Unutzer J, Fan MY, Williams JW Jr, Schoenbaum M, Lin EH, Hunkeler EM. Cost-effectiveness and net benefit of enhanced treatment of depression for older adults with diabetes and depression. Diabetes Care. 2006 Feb;29(2):265-70. doi: 10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1572.
- Background: PubMed 17725179Chan BS, Tsang MW, Lee VW, Lee KK. Cost of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus in Hong Kong Chinese. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Aug;45(8):455-68. doi: 10.5414/cpp45455.
- Background: PubMed 23280258Hermanns N, Caputo S, Dzida G, Khunti K, Meneghini LF, Snoek F. Screening, evaluation and management of depression in people with diabetes in primary care. Prim Care Diabetes. 2013 Apr;7(1):1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2012.11.002. Epub 2012 Dec 30.
- Results publication: PubMed 24170758Safren SA, Gonzalez JS, Wexler DJ, Psaros C, Delahanty LM, Blashill AJ, Margolina AI, Cagliero E. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):625-33. doi: 10.2337/dc13-0816. Epub 2013 Oct 29.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Alma Au, PhD principal investigator
Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University
2 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing CBCBT intervention, Adherence counseling and Psycho-education package in people with Type 2 Diabetes and Depression, run by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University at 2 sites in Hong Kong.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 7 Jun 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 2 sites in Hong Kong. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Depressive symptoms (time frame: Change from baseline through study completion, an average of 24 weeks). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04261361, which also lists 12 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 7 Jun 2023; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 29 Oct 2026.