Self-efficacyNCT05863650
The Effect of Digital-Based Simulation on Physiotherapy Students
A study testing Digital based simulation and Face to face education in people with Self-efficacy and Clinical Reasoning, run by Marmara University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
In physiotherapy and rehabilitation education, basic medical courses, clinical information, rehabilitation approaches, special teachings of the profession, clinical problem solving and analysis in their fields are taught during university education. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 25 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Self-efficacy, Clinical Reasoning
- What is being tested?
- Digital based simulation and Face to face education
- Type of treatment
- Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 60 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 11 Oct 2024to 2 Dec 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 25 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Being an undergraduate student at Marmara University Faculty of Health Sciences Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Department
- Having agreed to participate in the study
- Being in the 6th semester of their studies
Who cannot join
- Refusing to participate in the study
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: The Effect of Digital-Based Simulation Education on Self-Efficacy and Clinical Reasoning Skills in Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Students
In physiotherapy and rehabilitation education, basic medical courses, clinical information, rehabilitation approaches, special teachings of the profession, clinical problem solving and analysis in their fields are taught during university education.
Musculoskeletal problems will be selected for the patient scenarios to be used in the simulation and algorithms will be arranged for the simulation. After the algorithms are created, a website with patient scenarios containing these algorithms will be established with the support of a software company. In addition to the website, a database will be created and the applications made on the site will be recorded.
Read more
In our study, stepped wedge design will be used. 100 volunteer students participating in the study will start face-to-face training after preliminary evaluations are made. Afterwards, every two weeks, a randomized group of 20 people will be included in the hybrid training, which includes both face-to-face and simulation training. In the face-to-face education group, the educational content prepared in parallel with the patient scenarios in the hybrid education group will be applied in the classroom environment by the students together with the educators themselves. In the hybrid training group, one case analysis will be done every week on the website designed under the supervision of researchers, and one case analysis will be done through face-to-face training.
The self-efficacy and clinical reasoning levels of the students included in the study will be evaluated with the Physiotherapist Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and the Clinical Reasoning Assessment Tool. The same evaluations will be repeated after the students in both groups have completed their 10-week education. Afterwards, students' satisfaction levels and suggestions from the simulation will be evaluated with qualitative questions, and opinions and suggestions about simulation will be collected by creating themes.
Read the detailed description
Clinical reasoning is one of the most fundamental skills in health professions education and is essential for engaging in clinical practice. In many studies, it is stated that the learning of the clinical reasoning process in undergraduate students should be included in the curricula and learning objectives.
Self-efficacy is a concept that is effective in shaping one's behavior. Academic self-efficacy is the individual's belief in himself about how successful he will be in the face of the academic tasks he will face throughout his academic life and at what level he can fulfill these tasks.
In recent years, digital learning designs have been increasingly used in teaching practices in higher education. Various designs offer opportunities to improve self-regulation abilities, facilitate active learning, and make the learning process more transparent. It covers a variety of technologies such as digital learning designs, virtual reality, podcasts, apps, educational games, 360° video and animations. These technologies can be applied directly in learning activities or combined with other planned learning activities.
In studies, digital learning designs in physiotherapy education have been criticized because they are not based on a theoretical learning perspective. A systematic review on the role of computer-assisted learning in physiotherapy education concluded that it has been substantially less researched compared to other health professions education.
- Conditions
- Self-efficacy, Clinical Reasoning
- Being tested
- Digital based simulation, Face to face education
- Keywords
- Digital based simulation, Face to face education, Physiotherapy and rehabilitation students
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Digital based simulationDevice
Algorithms will be created for various musculoskeletal diseases and these algorithms will be controlled by taking the opinions of physiotherapists and physicians who are experts in their fields. After the algorithms are created, a website with patient scenarios containing these algorithms will be established with the support of a software company. In addition to the website, a database will be created and the applications made on the site will be recorded. In this way, the data of users using the website will be collected.
Face to face educationOther
In the face-to-face education group, one case analyzes will be applied by the students together with the educators themselves in the classroom environment, with the educational content prepared in parallel with the patient scenarios in the simulation-based education group.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Hybrid Education | Experimental | 60 volunteer students participating in the study will start face-to-face training after preliminary evaluations are made. Afterwards, a randomized group of 10 people will be included in the simulation training every week. In the face-to-face education group, a case analysis will be applied by the students themselves together with the educators in the classroom environment. In the simulation group, one case analysis will be made every week on the website designed under the supervision of researchers. Receives: Device: Digital based simulation |
| Face to Face Education | Active comparator | 60 volunteer students participating in the study will start face-to-face training after preliminary evaluations are made. Afterwards, a randomized group of 10 people will be included in the simulation training every week. In the face-to-face education group, a case analysis will be applied by the students themselves together with the educators in the classroom environment. In the simulation group, one case analysis will be made every week on the website designed under the supervision of researchers. Receives: Other: Face to face education |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Self-efficacy will be measured using a Turkish version of Physiotherapist Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-musculoskeletal area.
The questionnaire consists of 13 items. The participants will asked to indicate their confidence to perform the described task (1 = very little confidence; 5 = a lot of confidence). Higher scores are related more confidence self-efficacy.
Outcomes will be evaluated before and after the intervention.
Measured: 6 weeks
The 'Clinical Reasoning Assesment Tool (CRAT)' will be used in clinical reasoning assessment.
The CRAT, a rubric scale, is scored by the evaluator marking on the Visual Analog Scale. CRAT aims to assess students' readiness to enter the clinical setting and facilitate student self-monitoring. The tool aims to actively participate in the student's development by identifying strong or weak areas in three areas (content knowledge - procedural knowledge and psychomotor skill - conceptual reasoning).
Outcomes will be evaluated before and after the intervention.
Measured: 6 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted18 May 2023
- Study start11 Oct 2024
- Primary completion15 Nov 2024
- Study completion2 Dec 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (15)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Self-efficacyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- Stepped wedge design
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Marmara University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Health Institutes of Turkey
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05863650
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 22112022-108
- Status last verified
- Dec 2024
- First submitted
- 27 Apr 2023
- Last updated
- 28 Jul 2025
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Montpetit-Tourangeau K, Dyer JO, Hudon A, Windsor M, Charlin B, Mamede S, van Gog T. Fostering clinical reasoning in physiotherapy: comparing the effects of concept map study and concept map completion after example study in novice and advanced learners. BMC Med Educ. 2017 Dec 1;17(1):238. doi: 10.1186/s12909-017-1076-z.
PubMed 29191189Zimmerman BJ. Self-Efficacy: An Essential Motive to Learn. Contemp Educ Psychol. 2000 Jan;25(1):82-91. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1999.1016.
PubMed 10620383Veneri D. The role and effectiveness of computer-assisted learning in physical therapy education: a systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract. 2011 May;27(4):287-98. doi: 10.3109/09593985.2010.493192. Epub 2010 Aug 8.
PubMed 20690881Odegaard NB, Myrhaug HT, Dahl-Michelsen T, Roe Y. Digital learning designs in physiotherapy education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Educ. 2021 Jan 13;21(1):48. doi: 10.1186/s12909-020-02483-w.
PubMed 33441140Blackstock FC, Watson KM, Morris NR, Jones A, Wright A, McMeeken JM, Rivett DA, O'Connor V, Peterson RF, Haines TP, Watson G, Jull GA. Simulation can contribute a part of cardiorespiratory physiotherapy clinical education: two randomized trials. Simul Healthc. 2013 Feb;8(1):32-42. doi: 10.1097/SIH.0b013e318273101a.
PubMed 23250189Sandoval-Cuellar C, Alfonso-Mora ML, Castellanos-Garrido AL, Del Pilar Villarraga-Nieto A, Goyeneche-Ortegon RL, Acosta-Otalora ML, Del Pilar Castellanos-Vega R, Cobo-Mejia EA. Simulation in physiotherapy students for clinical decisions during interaction with people with low back pain: randomised controlled trial. BMC Med Educ. 2021 Jul 9;21(1):375. doi: 10.1186/s12909-021-02812-7.
PubMed 34243767Zhong BL, Luo W, Li HM, Zhang QQ, Liu XG, Li WT, Li Y. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci. 2020 Mar 15;16(10):1745-1752. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45221. eCollection 2020.
PubMed 32226294van Lankveld W, Jones A, Brunnekreef JJ, Seeger JPH, Bart Staal J. Assessing physical therapist students' self-efficacy: measurement properties of the Physiotherapist Self-Efficacy (PSE) questionnaire. BMC Med Educ. 2017 Dec 12;17(1):250. doi: 10.1186/s12909-017-1094-x.
PubMed 29233154Phillips AC, Mackintosh SF, Bell A, Johnston KN. Developing physiotherapy student safety skills in readiness for clinical placement using standardised patients compared with peer-role play: a pilot non-randomised controlled trial. BMC Med Educ. 2017 Aug 10;17(1):133. doi: 10.1186/s12909-017-0973-5.
PubMed 28797260Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Dec 15;25(24):3186-91. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014. No abstract available.
PubMed 11124735Holdar U, Wallin L, Heiwe S. Why do we do as we do? Factors influencing clinical reasoning and decision-making among physiotherapists in an acute setting. Physiother Res Int. 2013 Dec;18(4):220-9. doi: 10.1002/pri.1551. Epub 2013 May 2.
PubMed 23637022Torres G, Villagran I, Fuentes J, Araya JP, Jouannet C, Fuentes-Lopez E. Interactive virtual scenarios as a technological resource to improve musculoskeletal clinical reasoning skills of undergraduate physiotherapy students. Physiother Theory Pract. 2022 Aug;38(8):1016-1026. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2020.1809043. Epub 2020 Aug 19.
PubMed 32814476Hough J, Levan D, Steele M, Kelly K, Dalton M. Simulation-based education improves student self-efficacy in physiotherapy assessment and management of paediatric patients. BMC Med Educ. 2019 Dec 16;19(1):463. doi: 10.1186/s12909-019-1894-2.
PubMed 31842864Koivisto JM, Haavisto E, Niemi H, Haho P, Nylund S, Multisilta J. Design principles for simulation games for learning clinical reasoning: A design-based research approach. Nurse Educ Today. 2018 Jan;60:114-120. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2017.10.002. Epub 2017 Oct 24.
PubMed 29096383Halabchi F, Hassabi M. Acute ankle sprain in athletes: Clinical aspects and algorithmic approach. World J Orthop. 2020 Dec 18;11(12):534-558. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v11.i12.534. eCollection 2020 Dec 18.
PubMed 33362991
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 28 Jul 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Digital-Based Simulation Education on Self-Efficacy and Clinical Reasoning Skills in Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Students
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05863650
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 22112022-108
- Conditions
- Self-efficacy, Clinical Reasoning
- Keywords
- Digital based simulation, Face to face education, Physiotherapy and rehabilitation students
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Marmara UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Health Institutes of Turkey
- Study start
- 11 Oct 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Nov 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 2 Dec 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 18 May 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
In physiotherapy and rehabilitation education, basic medical courses, clinical information, rehabilitation approaches, special teachings of the profession, clinical problem solving and analysis in their fields are taught during university education.
Musculoskeletal problems will be selected for the patient scenarios to be used in the simulation and algorithms will be arranged for the simulation. After the algorithms are created, a website with patient scenarios containing these algorithms will be established with the support of a software company. In addition to the website, a database will be created and the applications made on the site will be recorded.
In our study, stepped wedge design will be used. 100 volunteer students participating in the study will start face-to-face training after preliminary evaluations are made. Afterwards, every two weeks, a randomized group of 20 people will be included in the hybrid training, which includes both face-to-face and simulation training. In the face-to-face education group, the educational content prepared in parallel with the patient scenarios in the hybrid education group will be applied in the classroom environment by the students together with the educators themselves. In the hybrid training group, one case analysis will be done every week on the website designed under the supervision of researchers, and one case analysis will be done through face-to-face training.
The self-efficacy and clinical reasoning levels of the students included in the study will be evaluated with the Physiotherapist Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and the Clinical Reasoning Assessment Tool. The same evaluations will be repeated after the students in both groups have completed their 10-week education. Afterwards, students' satisfaction levels and suggestions from the simulation will be evaluated with qualitative questions, and opinions and suggestions about simulation will be collected by creating themes.
Detailed description
Clinical reasoning is one of the most fundamental skills in health professions education and is essential for engaging in clinical practice. In many studies, it is stated that the learning of the clinical reasoning process in undergraduate students should be included in the curricula and learning objectives.
Self-efficacy is a concept that is effective in shaping one's behavior. Academic self-efficacy is the individual's belief in himself about how successful he will be in the face of the academic tasks he will face throughout his academic life and at what level he can fulfill these tasks.
In recent years, digital learning designs have been increasingly used in teaching practices in higher education. Various designs offer opportunities to improve self-regulation abilities, facilitate active learning, and make the learning process more transparent. It covers a variety of technologies such as digital learning designs, virtual reality, podcasts, apps, educational games, 360° video and animations. These technologies can be applied directly in learning activities or combined with other planned learning activities.
In studies, digital learning designs in physiotherapy education have been criticized because they are not based on a theoretical learning perspective. A systematic review on the role of computer-assisted learning in physiotherapy education concluded that it has been substantially less researched compared to other health professions education.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Stepped wedge design
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Hybrid Education | Experimental | Device: Digital based simulation60 volunteer students participating in the study will start face-to-face training after preliminary evaluations are made. Afterwards, a randomized group of 10 people will be included in the simulation training every week. In the face-to-face education group, a case analysis will be applied by the students themselves together with the educators in the classroom environment. In the simulation group, one case analysis will be made every week on the website designed under the supervision of researchers. |
| Face to Face Education | Active comparator | Other: Face to face education60 volunteer students participating in the study will start face-to-face training after preliminary evaluations are made. Afterwards, a randomized group of 10 people will be included in the simulation training every week. In the face-to-face education group, a case analysis will be applied by the students themselves together with the educators in the classroom environment. In the simulation group, one case analysis will be made every week on the website designed under the supervision of researchers. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 25 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Being an undergraduate student at Marmara University Faculty of Health Sciences Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Department
- Having agreed to participate in the study
- Being in the 6th semester of their studies
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Refusing to participate in the study
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Digital based simulationAlgorithms will be created for various musculoskeletal diseases and these algorithms will be controlled by taking the opinions of physiotherapists and physicians who are experts in their fields. After the algorithms are created, a website with patient scenarios containing these algorithms will be established with the support of a software company. In addition to the website, a database will be created and the applications made on the site will be recorded. In this way, the data of users using the website will be collected. | Device | Hybrid Education |
| Face to face educationIn the face-to-face education group, one case analyzes will be applied by the students together with the educators themselves in the classroom environment, with the educational content prepared in parallel with the patient scenarios in the simulation-based education group. | Other | Face to Face Education |
Primary outcome
Self-efficacy will be measured using a Turkish version of Physiotherapist Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-musculoskeletal area.
Time frame: 6 weeks
The questionnaire consists of 13 items. The participants will asked to indicate their confidence to perform the described task (1 = very little confidence; 5 = a lot of confidence). Higher scores are related more confidence self-efficacy. Outcomes will be evaluated before and after the intervention.
The 'Clinical Reasoning Assesment Tool (CRAT)' will be used in clinical reasoning assessment.
Time frame: 6 weeks
The CRAT, a rubric scale, is scored by the evaluator marking on the Visual Analog Scale. CRAT aims to assess students' readiness to enter the clinical setting and facilitate student self-monitoring. The tool aims to actively participate in the student's development by identifying strong or weak areas in three areas (content knowledge - procedural knowledge and psychomotor skill - conceptual reasoning). Outcomes will be evaluated before and after the intervention.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 28 Jul 2025.
- Background: PubMed 29191189Montpetit-Tourangeau K, Dyer JO, Hudon A, Windsor M, Charlin B, Mamede S, van Gog T. Fostering clinical reasoning in physiotherapy: comparing the effects of concept map study and concept map completion after example study in novice and advanced learners. BMC Med Educ. 2017 Dec 1;17(1):238. doi: 10.1186/s12909-017-1076-z.
- Background: PubMed 10620383Zimmerman BJ. Self-Efficacy: An Essential Motive to Learn. Contemp Educ Psychol. 2000 Jan;25(1):82-91. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1999.1016.
- Background: PubMed 20690881Veneri D. The role and effectiveness of computer-assisted learning in physical therapy education: a systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract. 2011 May;27(4):287-98. doi: 10.3109/09593985.2010.493192. Epub 2010 Aug 8.
- Background: PubMed 33441140Odegaard NB, Myrhaug HT, Dahl-Michelsen T, Roe Y. Digital learning designs in physiotherapy education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Educ. 2021 Jan 13;21(1):48. doi: 10.1186/s12909-020-02483-w.
- Background: PubMed 23250189Blackstock FC, Watson KM, Morris NR, Jones A, Wright A, McMeeken JM, Rivett DA, O'Connor V, Peterson RF, Haines TP, Watson G, Jull GA. Simulation can contribute a part of cardiorespiratory physiotherapy clinical education: two randomized trials. Simul Healthc. 2013 Feb;8(1):32-42. doi: 10.1097/SIH.0b013e318273101a.
- Background: PubMed 34243767Sandoval-Cuellar C, Alfonso-Mora ML, Castellanos-Garrido AL, Del Pilar Villarraga-Nieto A, Goyeneche-Ortegon RL, Acosta-Otalora ML, Del Pilar Castellanos-Vega R, Cobo-Mejia EA. Simulation in physiotherapy students for clinical decisions during interaction with people with low back pain: randomised controlled trial. BMC Med Educ. 2021 Jul 9;21(1):375. doi: 10.1186/s12909-021-02812-7.
- Background: PubMed 32226294Zhong BL, Luo W, Li HM, Zhang QQ, Liu XG, Li WT, Li Y. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci. 2020 Mar 15;16(10):1745-1752. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45221. eCollection 2020.
- Background: PubMed 29233154van Lankveld W, Jones A, Brunnekreef JJ, Seeger JPH, Bart Staal J. Assessing physical therapist students' self-efficacy: measurement properties of the Physiotherapist Self-Efficacy (PSE) questionnaire. BMC Med Educ. 2017 Dec 12;17(1):250. doi: 10.1186/s12909-017-1094-x.
- Background: PubMed 28797260Phillips AC, Mackintosh SF, Bell A, Johnston KN. Developing physiotherapy student safety skills in readiness for clinical placement using standardised patients compared with peer-role play: a pilot non-randomised controlled trial. BMC Med Educ. 2017 Aug 10;17(1):133. doi: 10.1186/s12909-017-0973-5.
- Background: PubMed 11124735Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Dec 15;25(24):3186-91. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014. No abstract available.
- Results publication: PubMed 23637022Holdar U, Wallin L, Heiwe S. Why do we do as we do? Factors influencing clinical reasoning and decision-making among physiotherapists in an acute setting. Physiother Res Int. 2013 Dec;18(4):220-9. doi: 10.1002/pri.1551. Epub 2013 May 2.
- Results publication: PubMed 32814476Torres G, Villagran I, Fuentes J, Araya JP, Jouannet C, Fuentes-Lopez E. Interactive virtual scenarios as a technological resource to improve musculoskeletal clinical reasoning skills of undergraduate physiotherapy students. Physiother Theory Pract. 2022 Aug;38(8):1016-1026. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2020.1809043. Epub 2020 Aug 19.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Digital based simulation and Face to face education in people with Self-efficacy and Clinical Reasoning, run by Marmara University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 28 Jul 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Self-efficacy will be measured using a Turkish version of Physiotherapist Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-musculoskeletal area. (time frame: 6 weeks). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05863650, which also lists 15 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 28 Jul 2025.