Type 2 DiabetesGRAINSNCT07167004
The GRoceries Aimed at Increasing Nutrition Study
A study testing Marketing Nudges Only and Marketing Nudges + Dynamically Adapted Financial Incentives in people with Type 2 Diabetes and Type II Diabetes Mellitus, run by University of Pennsylvania at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Only 2% of Americans meet the recommended levels of whole grain consumption, despite its association with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. This study aims to assess if consumers with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes can be encouraged to switch from buying refined grain products to whole grain products when shopping for… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 45 to 70 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Type 2 Diabetes, Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Type II Diabetes
- What is being tested?
- Marketing Nudges Only and Marketing Nudges + Dynamically Adapted Financial Incentives
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 219 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 14 Oct 2025to 16 Feb 2027
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 45 to 70 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Age 45 - 70 years.
- Able to provide consent.
- Resident of Philadelphia, Bucks, Delaware, Chester, or Montgomery Counties in Pennsylvania.
- Consume <5 servings of whole grains per day.
- Use online grocery shopping at least once per month.
- Have access to a credit or debit card to pay for groceries purchased.
Show all 9Show fewer
- Have reliable internet access.
- Speak English.
- Penn Medicine patient diagnosed with prediabetes or diabetes (identified using ICD-10 codes R73.03, E11).
Who cannot join
- Does not meet all the inclusion criteria.
- Not able to speak English.
- Not able to provide consent.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
About this study
Official title: Prompting a Switch From Refined Grains to Whole Grains in an Online Grocery Store Using Marketing Nudges and Financial Incentives
Only 2% of Americans meet the recommended levels of whole grain consumption, despite its association with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. This study aims to assess if consumers with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes can be encouraged to switch from buying refined grain products to whole grain products when shopping for groceries online. The study will use personalized marketing strategies, with or without discounts which adjust based on purchasing behavior, to promote whole grain consumption.
Read the detailed description
The overall objective of this study is to determine if behaviorally informed marketing strategies or those same strategies plus dynamically adapted financial incentives can prompt consumers with prediabetes or diabetes to switch from refined to whole grain products when grocery shopping online. The specific aims of the study are:
Aim 1: To demonstrate the feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT) via an online grocery delivery platform and to refine mechanism-based marketing nudges and incentives based on user insights. The overall objective of this aim is to customize the online grocery store experience to align with the needs of the consumers while also supporting the objectives of the two intervention arms outlined in Aim 2. Customizations will include displaying whole grains (e.g., whole wheat bread, brown rice) at the top of the study's online grocery store, featuring whole grain banner displays, and offering product swaps to highlight whole grain alternatives. Additionally, the study team will ensure that all refined grain items have corresponding whole grain options, to the extent possible. To evaluate the platform's usability and gather insights for refining the interventions, the study team will recruit 9 participants to test the customized online grocery store. Participants will provide feedback on the online shopping environment and whole grain options in an end-of-study survey. This feedback will be used to refine the marketing nudge interventions for Aim 2.
Aim 2: To test whether behaviorally informed marketing strategies or those same strategies plus dynamically adapted financial incentives can prompt consumers with prediabetes or diabetes to switch from buying refined grain products to whole grain products when grocery shopping online. Enrolled participants will be randomized to one of three intervention arms: 1) control (no intervention), 2) marketing nudges, or 3) marketing nudges + dynamically adapted financial incentives. Participants will select groceries from the study's online grocery store, and the orders will be delivered to their homes via a third-party delivery service. The first two weeks will serve as a baseline period for data collection. Starting in Week 3, participants in intervention arms 2 and 3 will be exposed to marketing nudges promoting whole grains for 8 weeks. Participants in the third intervention arm will additionally receive personalized financial incentives with individual incentive amounts optimized weekly based on prior whole grain purchasing behavior and engagement. In a typical healthy eating incentive study, all participants would get the same incentive amount each week. An innovative aspect of this study is to dynamically adapt the incentive, so each person experiences a personalized offering of incentives each week based on their whole grain shopping habits in prior weeks. This means participants who did not buy a whole grain item in response to a smaller incentive in a prior week may receive a larger incentive than participants who did purchase whole grains when offered the smaller incentive. This will not be gameable since it will not be apparent to participants a priori. This approach enables us to mimic current retailer practices, rather than more outdated strategies that provide the same incentive weekly.
Aim 3: To examine whether whole grain purchasing behaviors have become habitual and persist after the marketing nudges and dynamically adapted financial incentives cease. The overall objective of this aim is to explore the potential for marketing strategies and dynamically adapted financial incentives to create lasting changes in grocery shopping habits, specifically by examining whether participants continue purchasing whole grain products once the intervention has ended. Participants will be followed for an additional 8 weeks post-intervention to track their online grocery shopping behavior in the absence of the marketing nudges and financial incentives. During this period, participants will continue to shop through the study's online grocery store and have their groceries delivered to them through a third-party delivery service. In addition, for the first 4 weeks of follow-up, they will continue to receive their weekly $10 incentive if they shop in the study's online grocery store. At the conclusion of the study, participants will receive a $25 incentive for completing a survey assessing the intervention's salience, their acceptance of whole grains, and any remaining barriers to switching to whole grains.
- Conditions
- Type 2 Diabetes, Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Type II Diabetes, Pre-diabetes, Pre-diabetic, Pre-diabetic State
- Being tested
- Marketing Nudges Only, Marketing Nudges + Dynamically Adapted Financial Incentives
- Keywords
- chronic disease, diabetes, diabetes mellitus, type II diabetes, type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes, prediabetes, whole grains, behavioral economics, marketing nudges, financial incentives, food is medicine
- Medical subject headings
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glucose Intolerance, Chronic Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Prediabetic State
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Marketing Nudges OnlyBehavioural
Marketing nudges encouraging whole grain purchasing, including displaying whole grains (e.g., whole wheat bread, brown rice) at the top of the study's online grocery store, featuring whole grain banner displays, and offering product swaps to highlight whole grain alternatives
Marketing Nudges + Dynamically Adapted Financial IncentivesBehavioural
Marketing nudges encouraging whole grain purchasing, including displaying whole grains (e.g., whole wheat bread, brown rice) at the top of the study's online grocery store, featuring whole grain banner displays, and offering product swaps to highlight whole grain alternatives, plus personalized financial incentives with individual incentive amounts optimized weekly based on prior whole grain purchasing behavior and engagement
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Control | No intervention | Completion of weekly grocery shopping in a version of the study store without any interventions (i.e., without marketing nudges and financial incentives) |
| Marketing Nudges Only | Experimental | Marketing nudges encouraging whole grain purchasing, including displaying whole grains (e.g., whole wheat bread, brown rice) at the top of the study's online grocery store, featuring whole grain banner displays, and offering product swaps to highlight whole grain alternatives Receives: Behavioral: Marketing Nudges Only |
| Marketing Nudges + Dynamically Adapted Financial Incentives | Experimental | Marketing nudges encouraging whole grain purchasing, including displaying whole grains (e.g., whole wheat bread, brown rice) at the top of the study's online grocery store, featuring whole grain banner displays, and offering product swaps to highlight whole grain alternatives, plus personalized financial incentives with individual incentive amounts optimized weekly based on prior whole grain purchasing behavior and engagement Receives: Behavioral: Marketing Nudges + Dynamically Adapted Financial Incentives |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in calories purchased from products that are majority whole grains over time
The study team will use random-effects linear regression models to compare within-subject changes in the calories purchased from whole grains, adjusting for repeated measures, to examine trends over time.
Measured: 18 weeks
Secondary outcomes (17)
Change in calories purchased from products that are majority refined grains over time
The study team will use random-effects linear regression models to compare within-subject changes in the calories purchased from refined grains, adjusting for repeated measures, to examine trends over time.
Measured: 18 weeks
Percent of cart spent on whole grains (total dollar on whole grains/cart total)
The study team will use mixed effects linear models with repeated observations to compare changes in this outcome.
Measured: 18 weeks
Change in dollars spent on products that are majority whole grains over time
The study team will use mixed effects linear models with repeated observations to compare changes in this outcome.
Measured: 18 weeks
Assessing whole and refined grain purchasing frequency
The study team will assess the participant's self-reported purchasing frequency of different grain categories over the prior week, including rice and other cooked grains; oatmeal, grits, or other cooked cereal; cold cereal; bagels or English Muffins; breads or rolls; tortillas or wraps; pasta; and snacks (popcorn, crackers, granola bars). Response options include: never, 1 - 3 times per week, 4 - 6 times per week, 1 time per day, and 2 or more times per day.
Measured: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Percentage of time grains were purchased as whole and refined grains
The study team will assess how often each of the grain categories (i.e., rice and other cooked grains; oatmeal, grits, or other cooked cereal; cold cereal; bagels or English Muffins; breads or rolls; tortillas or wraps; pasta; and snacks [popcorn, crackers, granola bars]) were purchased as whole and refined grain products. Response options include: Almost never or never, About 25% of the time, About 50% of the time, About 75% of the time, and Almost always or always.
Measured: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Assessing whole and refined grain consumption frequency
The study team will assess the participant's self-reported consumption frequency of different grain categories over the prior week, including rice and other cooked grains; oatmeal, grits, or other cooked cereal; cold cereal; bagels or English Muffins; breads or rolls; tortillas or wraps; pasta; and snacks (popcorn, crackers, granola bars). Response options include: never, 1 - 3 times per week, 4 - 6 times per week, 1 time per day, and 2 or more times per day.
Measured: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Percentage of time grains were consumed as whole and refined grains
The study team will assess how often each of the grain categories (i.e., rice and other cooked grains; oatmeal, grits, or other cooked cereal; cold cereal; bagels or English Muffins; breads or rolls; tortillas or wraps; pasta; and snacks [popcorn, crackers, granola bars]) were consumed as whole and refined grain products over the prior week. Response options include: Almost never or never, About 25% of the time, About 50% of the time, About 75% of the time, and Almost always or always.
Measured: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Amount of grains eaten at a time
The study team will assess for each grain category how much was eaten at a time (i.e., in one sitting). Response options vary depending on the product.
Measured: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: satisfaction with current whole grain consumption
The outcome will be assessed with the following question: "I am satisfied with my current whole grain consumption" with response options structured as a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).
Measured: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: beliefs about the impact of eating whole grains on health
The outcome will be assessed with the following question: "I believe that eating whole grains positively impacts my health" with response options structured as a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).
Measured: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: enjoyment of eating whole grains
The outcome will be assessed with the following question: "I enjoy eating whole grains" with response options structured as a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).
Measured: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: efforts to include whole grains in diet
The outcome will be assessed with the following question: "I try to include whole grains in my diet" with response options structured as a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).
Measured: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: confidence in ability to include whole grains in diet
The outcome will be assessed with the following question: "I am confident I can include whole grains in my meals regularly" with response options structured as a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).
Measured: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: capability of finding whole grains when shopping
The outcome will be assessed with the following question: "I feel capable of finding whole grain options when grocery shopping" with response options structured as a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).
Measured: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: whole grain affordability
The outcome will be assessed with the following question: "Whole grain products are affordable for me" with response options structured as a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).
Measured: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: whole grain taste
The outcome will be assessed with the following question: "I find whole grain products to be tasty" with response options structured as a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).
Measured: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Mean grams of fiber purchased from grain products
Mean grams of fiber purchased from grain products in the study store, reported overall for the study, as well as broken down by the baseline, intervention, and follow-up study periods
Measured: 18 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted11 Sep 2025
- Study start14 Oct 2025
- Primary completion16 Feb 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion16 Feb 2027 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Type 2 DiabetesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of PennsylvaniaThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 219 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Pennsylvania
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Institute on Aging (NIA), American Heart Association
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Sophia V Hua, PhD, MPH, Principal investigator, Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07167004
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 858072
- Other IDs
- 2P30AG034546
- Acronym
- GRAINS
- Status last verified
- Oct 2026
- First submitted
- 25 Jul 2025
- Last updated
- 20 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: All data will be de-identified. De-identified IPD that underlie results in a publication can be requested by other researchers. The PI will review any and all requests to access the de-identified study data. SecureShare or PennBox, both secure methods to transfer files, will be used to transfer data.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 20 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Prompting a Switch From Refined Grains to Whole Grains in an Online Grocery Store Using Marketing Nudges and Financial Incentives
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07167004
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- GRAINS / 858072
- Conditions
- Type 2 Diabetes, Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Type II Diabetes, Pre-diabetes, Pre-diabetic, Pre-diabetic State
- Keywords
- chronic disease, diabetes, diabetes mellitus, type II diabetes, type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes, prediabetes, whole grains
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Active, not recruiting
- Enrolment
- 219 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of PennsylvaniaUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Institute on Aging (NIA), American Heart Association
- Study start
- 14 Oct 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 16 Feb 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 16 Feb 2027 (estimated)
- First posted
- 11 Sep 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Only 2% of Americans meet the recommended levels of whole grain consumption, despite its association with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. This study aims to assess if consumers with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes can be encouraged to switch from buying refined grain products to whole grain products when shopping for groceries online. The study will use personalized marketing strategies, with or without discounts which adjust based on purchasing behavior, to promote whole grain consumption.
Detailed description
The overall objective of this study is to determine if behaviorally informed marketing strategies or those same strategies plus dynamically adapted financial incentives can prompt consumers with prediabetes or diabetes to switch from refined to whole grain products when grocery shopping online. The specific aims of the study are:
Aim 1: To demonstrate the feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT) via an online grocery delivery platform and to refine mechanism-based marketing nudges and incentives based on user insights. The overall objective of this aim is to customize the online grocery store experience to align with the needs of the consumers while also supporting the objectives of the two intervention arms outlined in Aim 2. Customizations will include displaying whole grains (e.g., whole wheat bread, brown rice) at the top of the study's online grocery store, featuring whole grain banner displays, and offering product swaps to highlight whole grain alternatives. Additionally, the study team will ensure that all refined grain items have corresponding whole grain options, to the extent possible. To evaluate the platform's usability and gather insights for refining the interventions, the study team will recruit 9 participants to test the customized online grocery store. Participants will provide feedback on the online shopping environment and whole grain options in an end-of-study survey. This feedback will be used to refine the marketing nudge interventions for Aim 2.
Aim 2: To test whether behaviorally informed marketing strategies or those same strategies plus dynamically adapted financial incentives can prompt consumers with prediabetes or diabetes to switch from buying refined grain products to whole grain products when grocery shopping online. Enrolled participants will be randomized to one of three intervention arms: 1) control (no intervention), 2) marketing nudges, or 3) marketing nudges + dynamically adapted financial incentives. Participants will select groceries from the study's online grocery store, and the orders will be delivered to their homes via a third-party delivery service. The first two weeks will serve as a baseline period for data collection. Starting in Week 3, participants in intervention arms 2 and 3 will be exposed to marketing nudges promoting whole grains for 8 weeks. Participants in the third intervention arm will additionally receive personalized financial incentives with individual incentive amounts optimized weekly based on prior whole grain purchasing behavior and engagement. In a typical healthy eating incentive study, all participants would get the same incentive amount each week. An innovative aspect of this study is to dynamically adapt the incentive, so each person experiences a personalized offering of incentives each week based on their whole grain shopping habits in prior weeks. This means participants who did not buy a whole grain item in response to a smaller incentive in a prior week may receive a larger incentive than participants who did purchase whole grains when offered the smaller incentive. This will not be gameable since it will not be apparent to participants a priori. This approach enables us to mimic current retailer practices, rather than more outdated strategies that provide the same incentive weekly.
Aim 3: To examine whether whole grain purchasing behaviors have become habitual and persist after the marketing nudges and dynamically adapted financial incentives cease. The overall objective of this aim is to explore the potential for marketing strategies and dynamically adapted financial incentives to create lasting changes in grocery shopping habits, specifically by examining whether participants continue purchasing whole grain products once the intervention has ended. Participants will be followed for an additional 8 weeks post-intervention to track their online grocery shopping behavior in the absence of the marketing nudges and financial incentives. During this period, participants will continue to shop through the study's online grocery store and have their groceries delivered to them through a third-party delivery service. In addition, for the first 4 weeks of follow-up, they will continue to receive their weekly $10 incentive if they shop in the study's online grocery store. At the conclusion of the study, participants will receive a $25 incentive for completing a survey assessing the intervention's salience, their acceptance of whole grains, and any remaining barriers to switching to whole grains.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Control | No intervention | –Completion of weekly grocery shopping in a version of the study store without any interventions (i.e., without marketing nudges and financial incentives) |
| Marketing Nudges Only | Experimental | Behavioral: Marketing Nudges OnlyMarketing nudges encouraging whole grain purchasing, including displaying whole grains (e.g., whole wheat bread, brown rice) at the top of the study's online grocery store, featuring whole grain banner displays, and offering product swaps to highlight whole grain alternatives |
| Marketing Nudges + Dynamically Adapted Financial Incentives | Experimental | Behavioral: Marketing Nudges + Dynamically Adapted Financial IncentivesMarketing nudges encouraging whole grain purchasing, including displaying whole grains (e.g., whole wheat bread, brown rice) at the top of the study's online grocery store, featuring whole grain banner displays, and offering product swaps to highlight whole grain alternatives, plus personalized financial incentives with individual incentive amounts optimized weekly based on prior whole grain purchasing behavior and engagement |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 45 to 70 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (9 listed)
- Age 45 - 70 years.
- Able to provide consent.
- Resident of Philadelphia, Bucks, Delaware, Chester, or Montgomery Counties in Pennsylvania.
- Consume <5 servings of whole grains per day.
- Use online grocery shopping at least once per month.
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Does not meet all the inclusion criteria.
- Not able to speak English.
- Not able to provide consent.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Marketing Nudges OnlyMarketing nudges encouraging whole grain purchasing, including displaying whole grains (e.g., whole wheat bread, brown rice) at the top of the study's online grocery store, featuring whole grain banner displays, and offering product swaps to highlight whole grain alternatives | Behavioural | Marketing Nudges Only |
| Marketing Nudges + Dynamically Adapted Financial IncentivesMarketing nudges encouraging whole grain purchasing, including displaying whole grains (e.g., whole wheat bread, brown rice) at the top of the study's online grocery store, featuring whole grain banner displays, and offering product swaps to highlight whole grain alternatives, plus personalized financial incentives with individual incentive amounts optimized weekly based on prior whole grain purchasing behavior and engagement | Behavioural | Marketing Nudges + Dynamically Adapted Financial Incentives |
Primary outcome
Change in calories purchased from products that are majority whole grains over time
Time frame: 18 weeks
The study team will use random-effects linear regression models to compare within-subject changes in the calories purchased from whole grains, adjusting for repeated measures, to examine trends over time.
17 secondary outcomes
Change in calories purchased from products that are majority refined grains over time
Time frame: 18 weeks
Percent of cart spent on whole grains (total dollar on whole grains/cart total)
Time frame: 18 weeks
Change in dollars spent on products that are majority whole grains over time
Time frame: 18 weeks
Assessing whole and refined grain purchasing frequency
Time frame: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Percentage of time grains were purchased as whole and refined grains
Time frame: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Assessing whole and refined grain consumption frequency
Time frame: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Percentage of time grains were consumed as whole and refined grains
Time frame: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Amount of grains eaten at a time
Time frame: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: satisfaction with current whole grain consumption
Time frame: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: beliefs about the impact of eating whole grains on health
Time frame: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: enjoyment of eating whole grains
Time frame: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: efforts to include whole grains in diet
Time frame: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: confidence in ability to include whole grains in diet
Time frame: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: capability of finding whole grains when shopping
Time frame: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: whole grain affordability
Time frame: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Perception of whole grains: whole grain taste
Time frame: Assessed at baseline and in end-of-study survey (Week 18)
Mean grams of fiber purchased from grain products
Time frame: 18 weeks
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 20 Oct 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. All data will be de-identified. De-identified IPD that underlie results in a publication can be requested by other researchers. The PI will review any and all requests to access the de-identified study data. SecureShare or PennBox, both secure methods to transfer files, will be used to transfer data.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Sophia V Hua, PhD, MPH principal investigator
Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Marketing Nudges Only and Marketing Nudges + Dynamically Adapted Financial Incentives in people with Type 2 Diabetes and Type II Diabetes Mellitus, run by University of Pennsylvania at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 9 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 20 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in calories purchased from products that are majority whole grains over time (time frame: 18 weeks). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 20 Oct 2026.