Non Specific Low Back PainNLBPNCT07726797
Pelvic Control Training Using Pressure Biofeedback Versus Core Stability Training in Non-Specific Low Back Pain
A study testing Core stability training in people with Non Specific Low Back Pain and Core Stability, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
Trial summary
To compare the effects of pelvic control training using pressure biofeedback with core stability training on pain, range of motion, muscle strength, and functional disability in patients with non specific low back pain Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 30 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Non Specific Low Back Pain, Core Stability, Core Stabilization Exercise
- What is being tested?
- Core stability training
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 50 participants
- Where
- 1 sitePakistan
- Study dates
- 16 Jul 2026to 16 Sep 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 30 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Children aged 18-30 years.
- The body mass index within the typical range of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m².
- No history of musculoskeletal, neurological, or vestibular disorders.
- Physically active individuals not engaged in regular core or balance training programs in the last 3 months.
- Willing to provide informed consent and comply with the study protocol.
Who cannot join
- History of lower extremity, spinal, or pelvic injuries in the past 6 months.
- Current pain, dizziness, or balance impairments.
- Known postural deformities (e.g., scoliosis, hyper lordosis).
- Neurological, cardiovascular, or systemic conditions affecting balance or motor performance.
- Pregnancy or recent childbirth (<6 months)
- Participation in any other interventional study during the study period.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Pakistan1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Nishter Hospital Multan, CMH Multan
Lahore, Punjab Province, 60000
Annum Manzoor, MS-OMPT, 03324880984, drannummanzoor20@gmail.com
About this study
Official title: Effect of Pelvic Control Training Using Pressure Biofeedback Versus Core Stability Training on Pain, Range of Motion, Muscle Strength, and Functional Disability in Patients With Non-Specific Low Back Pain
To compare the effects of pelvic control training using pressure biofeedback with core stability training on pain, range of motion, muscle strength, and functional disability in patients with non specific low back pain
Read the detailed description
A randomized controlled trial compared core stabilization exercises with routine exercise therapy in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups, with both groups receiving conventional hot pack therapy three times per week for four weeks. Pain and functional disability were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Both interventions significantly improved outcomes; however, core stabilization exercises produced greater reductions in pain and disability than routine exercise therapy.
Another randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of core stability training (CST) alone versus combined core and pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training in sedentary women with low back pain. Participants were allocated into a control group, a CST group, and a combined training group, with supervised sessions conducted three times weekly for four weeks. Although both exercise interventions significantly improved trunk muscle endurance and reduced pain, CST alone demonstrated greater improvements in lumbar function than the combined intervention.
A randomized controlled trial compared traditional lumbar dynamic strength training with stabilization exercises using pressure biofeedback in patients with chronic low back pain. Outcomes included pain intensity, disability, lumbar mobility, transversus abdominis strength, quality of life, and fear-avoidance beliefs. Both interventions significantly improved all measured outcomes, with no statistically significant differences between groups, indicating comparable effectiveness.
A comparative study evaluated Maitland mobilization and core stability exercises in adults with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Pain and disability were measured using the VAS and ODI before and after treatment. Both interventions significantly reduced pain and improved functional disability, with no clear superiority of either treatment approach.
A randomized study compared pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with conventional physiotherapy treatment. Participants received routine physiotherapy alone, PFMT, or PFMT combined with transversus abdominis co-activation. Functional disability and pain were assessed using the ODI and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). PFMT, particularly when combined with transversus abdominis activation, resulted in greater improvements in pain and disability, supporting its role as an adjunct to conservative management.
Another study evaluated the effectiveness of a core stability training program in women with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Participants who completed the structured exercise program demonstrated significant reductions in pain intensity and improvements in functional performance compared with the control group, supporting the therapeutic benefits of core stabilization exercises.
A randomized trial compared stabilization exercises alone with stabilization exercises combined with pelvic floor muscle training and physical therapy in women with nonspecific low back pain. The combined intervention produced greater improvements in pain, functional ability, and static and dynamic trunk muscle endurance than stabilization exercises alone.
A clinical study examined the effects of performing proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) lower extremity patterns with and without a pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) in individuals with chronic low back pain. The use of the PBU significantly increased abdominal muscle activation and reduced lumbopelvic rotation, indicating enhanced lumbopelvic stability and motor control during exercise.
- Being tested
- Pelvic Control Training intervention with a Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU), Core stability training
- Keywords
- range of motion, disability, strength
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Pelvic Control Training intervention with a Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU)Other
Also called PCT, PBU
Participants in the core stability exercise group completed a 6-week program performed 3-5 sessions per week, with each session lasting 25 minutes. The program progressed from core activation exercises (abdominal drawing-in, pelvic tilts, heel slides, and supine marching) to low- and moderate-load stabilization exercises, including dead bugs, glute bridges, bird-dogs, and modified side planks. Exercise intensity and complexity were gradually increased by adding full planks, unstable limb movements, and functional reaching tasks. Throughout the intervention, emphasis was placed on maintaining a neutral spine, controlled breathing, postural stability, and proper neuromuscular control while avoiding compensatory movements.
Core stability trainingOther
Also called CST
Participants in the core stability exercise group completed a 6-week program consisting of 3-5 sessions per week, with each session lasting 25 minutes. Training progressed from core muscle activation exercises (abdominal drawing-in, pelvic tilts, heel slides, and supine marching) to low- and moderate-load stabilization exercises, including dead bugs, glute bridges, bird-dogs, and modified side planks. Exercise intensity and complexity were gradually increased by adding full planks, unstable limb movements, and functional reaching tasks. Throughout the program, emphasis was placed on maintaining a neutral spine, proper breathing, neuromuscular control, postural stability, and avoiding compensatory movements.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Pelvic Control Training intervention with a Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU) | Experimental | Participants in the PBU-guided pelvic floor muscle training group completed a 6-week program, performed 3-5 sessions per week, with each session lasting 25 minutes. During Week 1, participants were trained in isolated pelvic floor muscle contractions in a crook-lying position using a Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU) set at 40 mmHg. They performed 8-12 repetitions with 5-10-second holds and 5-10-second rest periods for 1-2 sets. In Week 2, the program progressed to 2-3 sets, with emphasis on correct muscle activation and minimizing compensatory activity using visual feedback from the PBU. Week 3 focused on improving endurance and maintaining lumbopelvic stability during sustained contractions. In Week 4, functional tasks such as reaching, supine leg slides, and supported bridging were introduced. Week 5 incorporated advanced exercises, including marching and bridging with continued biofeedback, while promoting pelvic control in supported sitting. During Week 6, participants practiced pe Receives: Other: Pelvic Control Training intervention with a Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU) |
| Core stability training | Active comparator | Participants in the core stability exercise group completed a 6-week program consisting of 3-5 sessions per week, with each session lasting 25 minutes. Training progressed from core muscle activation exercises (abdominal drawing-in, pelvic tilts, heel slides, and supine marching) to low- and moderate-load stabilization exercises, including dead bugs, glute bridges, bird-dogs, and modified side planks. Exercise intensity and complexity were gradually increased by adding full planks, unstable limb movements, and functional reaching tasks. Throughout the program, emphasis was placed on maintaining a neutral spine, proper breathing, neuromuscular control, postural stability, and avoiding compensatory movements. Receives: Other: Core stability training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)
The ODI is comprised of ten categories, each of which evaluates a distinct element of daily functioning. These sections include the following: the level of pain, personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, social life, sexual function, and traveling. Every sentence has a score between 0 and 5, where 0 denotes the least amount of handicap and 5 the greatest score. The index, which varies from 0 to 100, is calculated by adding the scores for each question that has been answered, then multiplying the amount by two. A higher score denotes a higher degree of low back pain-related disability
Measured: 6 weeks
Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS)
The 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) goes from 0 to 10, with 10 denoting "the highest level of pain imaginable" and 0 denoting "no pain". It is a simple indicator of pain intensity since patients choose the number that most accurately represents their level of pain. Both the NRS and other well-validated pain measuring scales have shown strong correlation, validity, and sensitivity to treatments that are known to improve pain. The test-retest reliability for patients has been fairly high, with values of 0.96 and 0.95, respectively. The NRS and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) demonstrated a high construct validity relationship in individuals with chronic pain syndromes (correlations varied from 0.86 to 0.95)
Measured: 6 weeks
Bubble Inclinometer
The bubble inclinometer has high reliability for measuring lumbar range of motion in healthy individuals and patients with LBP. They can be used for evaluating lumbar range of motion in healthy individuals and patients suffering from lumbar back pain, as well as for monitoring therapeutic interventions. For healthy persons, the bubble inclinometer reliably measures the range of motion both within and between days (ICC˃0.75). Regarding the ICC measure, they deemed it high if it was between 0.80 and 1.00, average if it was between 0.60-0.79, and low if it was ≥0.59. Bubble inclinometer has a high degree of reliability when it comes to monitoring all of the aforementioned ranges of motion in the within-day test on patients. Regarding the Between Days Test, while the measurement reliability for side flexions, back extensions, and forward bends was excellent when standing, cut off value for lumbar flexion is less than 40 degrees, while for lumbar extension, it is less than 20 degrees. T
Measured: 6 weeks
Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU)
The Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU) is a clinical instrument that assesses and trains the lumbopelvic stability through the changes in the pressure of an inflated cushion that is placed beneath the lumbar spine or Abdomen. It entails the employment of a pressure gauge that gets attached to a pressure cell so that the slightest movement in the pelvic or spinal region can be sensed during the period that particular muscles are being used in a synergistic exercise. One of the numerous functions of the PBU in the field of physical therapy and rehabilitation is the assessment of the capacity of the patient to maintain his spine in a neutral position when his deep abdominal muscles, i.e., multifidus and transversus abdominis, are contracted. When training, the unit is inflated to a basal pressure, which is usually 40 mmHg when the unit is below the lumbar spine. Subsequently, the patient performs the exercises (leg sliding, bridging and belly hollowing) against the desired range of pressure
Measured: 6 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted24 Jul 2026
- Study start16 Jul 2026
- Primary completion25 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion16 Sep 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (10)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Non Specific Low Back PainStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Randomized Clinical Trial
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Annum Manzoor, MS OMPT, Principal investigator, Gulab Devi Teaching Institute
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07726797
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- REC/RCR & AHS/25/043
- Acronym
- NLBP
- Status last verified
- Jul 2026
- First submitted
- 21 Jul 2026
- Last updated
- 24 Jul 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Abdel-Aziem AA, Abdelraouf OR, El-Basatiny HMY, Draz AH. The Effects of Stabilization Exercises Combined With Pelvic Floor Exercise in Women With Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Study. J Chiropr Med. 2021 Dec;20(4):229-238. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2021.12.008. Epub 2022 Apr 6.
PubMed 35496721Alarab A, Salhab I, Darawy D, Aker M, Naji R, Hroub N. Maitland Mobilization versus Core Stability Exercises in Management Chronic Nonspecific LBP. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2024;17:1115-24.
Ozturk U, Corekci AA, Alaca N, Subasi F. Comparison of Pressure Feedback Biofeedback Training with Conventional Lumbar Dynamic Strength Exercises for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Prospective Randomized Trial. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024 Dec;30(12):6-12.
PubMed 39565706Si X, Zhang L, Li F, Liang H. The effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training on lumbar function and muscle performance in sedentary women with lower back pain: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Womens Health. 2025 Mar 19;25(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s12905-025-03644-z.
PubMed 40108595Akhtar MW, Karimi H, Gilani SA. Effectiveness of core stabilization exercises and routine exercise therapy in management of pain in chronic non-specific low back pain: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Pak J Med Sci. 2017 Jul-Aug;33(4):1002-1006. doi: 10.12669/pjms.334.12664.
PubMed 29067082Ko MJ, Koo MS, Jung EJ, Jeong WJ, Oh JS. Effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Using Pressure Biofeedback on Pelvic Floor Muscle Contraction and Trunk Muscle Activity in Sitting in Healthy Women. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Mar 18;10(3):570. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10030570.
PubMed 35327048Karang N. Effectiveness of Pressure Biofeedback in Core Stabilization for Low Back Pain: A Literature Review. Majalah Ilmiah Fisioterapi Indonesia. 2025;13:552-6.
Lee K. Effects of Core Stability Training on Deep Stabilizing Muscle Function and Neuromuscular Control. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025 Feb 20;61(3):364. doi: 10.3390/medicina61030364.
PubMed 40142175Fernandes ACN, Jorge CH, Weatherall M, Ribeiro IV, Wallace SA, Hay-Smith EJC. Pelvic floor muscle training with feedback or biofeedback for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Mar 11;3(3):CD009252. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009252.pub2.
PubMed 40066950Zhang C, Qin L, Yin F, Chen Q, Zhang S. Global, regional, and national burden and trends of Low back pain in middle-aged adults: analysis of GBD 1990-2021 with projections to 2050. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024 Nov 7;25(1):886. doi: 10.1186/s12891-024-08002-y.
PubMed 39511565
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 24 Jul 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effect of Pelvic Control Training Using Pressure Biofeedback Versus Core Stability Training on Pain, Range of Motion, Muscle Strength, and Functional Disability in Patients With Non-Specific Low Back Pain
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07726797
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- NLBP / REC/RCR & AHS/25/043
- Keywords
- range of motion, disability, strength
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 16 Jul 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 25 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 16 Sep 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 24 Jul 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
To compare the effects of pelvic control training using pressure biofeedback with core stability training on pain, range of motion, muscle strength, and functional disability in patients with non specific low back pain
Detailed description
A randomized controlled trial compared core stabilization exercises with routine exercise therapy in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups, with both groups receiving conventional hot pack therapy three times per week for four weeks. Pain and functional disability were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Both interventions significantly improved outcomes; however, core stabilization exercises produced greater reductions in pain and disability than routine exercise therapy.
Another randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of core stability training (CST) alone versus combined core and pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training in sedentary women with low back pain. Participants were allocated into a control group, a CST group, and a combined training group, with supervised sessions conducted three times weekly for four weeks. Although both exercise interventions significantly improved trunk muscle endurance and reduced pain, CST alone demonstrated greater improvements in lumbar function than the combined intervention.
A randomized controlled trial compared traditional lumbar dynamic strength training with stabilization exercises using pressure biofeedback in patients with chronic low back pain. Outcomes included pain intensity, disability, lumbar mobility, transversus abdominis strength, quality of life, and fear-avoidance beliefs. Both interventions significantly improved all measured outcomes, with no statistically significant differences between groups, indicating comparable effectiveness.
A comparative study evaluated Maitland mobilization and core stability exercises in adults with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Pain and disability were measured using the VAS and ODI before and after treatment. Both interventions significantly reduced pain and improved functional disability, with no clear superiority of either treatment approach.
A randomized study compared pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with conventional physiotherapy treatment. Participants received routine physiotherapy alone, PFMT, or PFMT combined with transversus abdominis co-activation. Functional disability and pain were assessed using the ODI and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). PFMT, particularly when combined with transversus abdominis activation, resulted in greater improvements in pain and disability, supporting its role as an adjunct to conservative management.
Another study evaluated the effectiveness of a core stability training program in women with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Participants who completed the structured exercise program demonstrated significant reductions in pain intensity and improvements in functional performance compared with the control group, supporting the therapeutic benefits of core stabilization exercises.
A randomized trial compared stabilization exercises alone with stabilization exercises combined with pelvic floor muscle training and physical therapy in women with nonspecific low back pain. The combined intervention produced greater improvements in pain, functional ability, and static and dynamic trunk muscle endurance than stabilization exercises alone.
A clinical study examined the effects of performing proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) lower extremity patterns with and without a pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) in individuals with chronic low back pain. The use of the PBU significantly increased abdominal muscle activation and reduced lumbopelvic rotation, indicating enhanced lumbopelvic stability and motor control during exercise.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Randomized Clinical Trial
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Pelvic Control Training intervention with a Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU) | Experimental | Other: Pelvic Control Training intervention with a Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU)Participants in the PBU-guided pelvic floor muscle training group completed a 6-week program, performed 3-5 sessions per week, with each session lasting 25 minutes. During Week 1, participants were trained in isolated pelvic floor muscle contractions in a crook-lying position using a Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU) set at 40 mmHg. They performed 8-12 repetitions with 5-10-second holds and 5-10-second rest periods for 1-2 sets. In Week 2, the program progressed to 2-3 sets, with emphasis on correct muscle activation and minimizing compensatory activity using visual feedback from the PBU. Week 3 focused on improving endurance and maintaining lumbopelvic stability during sustained contractions. In Week 4, functional tasks such as reaching, supine leg slides, and supported bridging were introduced. Week 5 incorporated advanced exercises, including marching and bridging with continued biofeedback, while promoting pelvic control in supported sitting. During Week 6, participants practiced pe |
| Core stability training | Active comparator | Other: Core stability trainingParticipants in the core stability exercise group completed a 6-week program consisting of 3-5 sessions per week, with each session lasting 25 minutes. Training progressed from core muscle activation exercises (abdominal drawing-in, pelvic tilts, heel slides, and supine marching) to low- and moderate-load stabilization exercises, including dead bugs, glute bridges, bird-dogs, and modified side planks. Exercise intensity and complexity were gradually increased by adding full planks, unstable limb movements, and functional reaching tasks. Throughout the program, emphasis was placed on maintaining a neutral spine, proper breathing, neuromuscular control, postural stability, and avoiding compensatory movements. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 30 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Children aged 18-30 years.
- The body mass index within the typical range of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m².
- No history of musculoskeletal, neurological, or vestibular disorders.
- Physically active individuals not engaged in regular core or balance training programs in the last 3 months.
- Willing to provide informed consent and comply with the study protocol.
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- History of lower extremity, spinal, or pelvic injuries in the past 6 months.
- Current pain, dizziness, or balance impairments.
- Known postural deformities (e.g., scoliosis, hyper lordosis).
- Neurological, cardiovascular, or systemic conditions affecting balance or motor performance.
- Pregnancy or recent childbirth (<6 months)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Pelvic Control Training intervention with a Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU)Also: PCT, PBUParticipants in the core stability exercise group completed a 6-week program performed 3-5 sessions per week, with each session lasting 25 minutes. The program progressed from core activation exercises (abdominal drawing-in, pelvic tilts, heel slides, and supine marching) to low- and moderate-load stabilization exercises, including dead bugs, glute bridges, bird-dogs, and modified side planks. Exercise intensity and complexity were gradually increased by adding full planks, unstable limb movements, and functional reaching tasks. Throughout the intervention, emphasis was placed on maintaining a neutral spine, controlled breathing, postural stability, and proper neuromuscular control while avoiding compensatory movements. | Other | Pelvic Control Training intervention with a Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU) |
| Core stability trainingAlso: CSTParticipants in the core stability exercise group completed a 6-week program consisting of 3-5 sessions per week, with each session lasting 25 minutes. Training progressed from core muscle activation exercises (abdominal drawing-in, pelvic tilts, heel slides, and supine marching) to low- and moderate-load stabilization exercises, including dead bugs, glute bridges, bird-dogs, and modified side planks. Exercise intensity and complexity were gradually increased by adding full planks, unstable limb movements, and functional reaching tasks. Throughout the program, emphasis was placed on maintaining a neutral spine, proper breathing, neuromuscular control, postural stability, and avoiding compensatory movements. | Other | Core stability training |
Primary outcome
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)
Time frame: 6 weeks
The ODI is comprised of ten categories, each of which evaluates a distinct element of daily functioning. These sections include the following: the level of pain, personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, social life, sexual function, and traveling. Every sentence has a score between 0 and 5, where 0 denotes the least amount of handicap and 5 the greatest score. The index, which varies from 0 to 100, is calculated by adding the scores for each question that has been answered, then multiplying the amount by two. A higher score denotes a higher degree of low back pain-related disability
Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS)
Time frame: 6 weeks
The 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) goes from 0 to 10, with 10 denoting "the highest level of pain imaginable" and 0 denoting "no pain". It is a simple indicator of pain intensity since patients choose the number that most accurately represents their level of pain. Both the NRS and other well-validated pain measuring scales have shown strong correlation, validity, and sensitivity to treatments that are known to improve pain. The test-retest reliability for patients has been fairly high, with values of 0.96 and 0.95, respectively. The NRS and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) demonstrated a high construct validity relationship in individuals with chronic pain syndromes (correlations varied from 0.86 to 0.95)
Bubble Inclinometer
Time frame: 6 weeks
The bubble inclinometer has high reliability for measuring lumbar range of motion in healthy individuals and patients with LBP. They can be used for evaluating lumbar range of motion in healthy individuals and patients suffering from lumbar back pain, as well as for monitoring therapeutic interventions. For healthy persons, the bubble inclinometer reliably measures the range of motion both within and between days (ICC˃0.75). Regarding the ICC measure, they deemed it high if it was between 0.80 and 1.00, average if it was between 0.60-0.79, and low if it was ≥0.59. Bubble inclinometer has a high degree of reliability when it comes to monitoring all of the aforementioned ranges of motion in the within-day test on patients. Regarding the Between Days Test, while the measurement reliability for side flexions, back extensions, and forward bends was excellent when standing, cut off value for lumbar flexion is less than 40 degrees, while for lumbar extension, it is less than 20 degrees. T
Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU)
Time frame: 6 weeks
The Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU) is a clinical instrument that assesses and trains the lumbopelvic stability through the changes in the pressure of an inflated cushion that is placed beneath the lumbar spine or Abdomen. It entails the employment of a pressure gauge that gets attached to a pressure cell so that the slightest movement in the pelvic or spinal region can be sensed during the period that particular muscles are being used in a synergistic exercise. One of the numerous functions of the PBU in the field of physical therapy and rehabilitation is the assessment of the capacity of the patient to maintain his spine in a neutral position when his deep abdominal muscles, i.e., multifidus and transversus abdominis, are contracted. When training, the unit is inflated to a basal pressure, which is usually 40 mmHg when the unit is below the lumbar spine. Subsequently, the patient performs the exercises (leg sliding, bridging and belly hollowing) against the desired range of pressure
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 24 Jul 2026.
- Background: PubMed 35496721Abdel-Aziem AA, Abdelraouf OR, El-Basatiny HMY, Draz AH. The Effects of Stabilization Exercises Combined With Pelvic Floor Exercise in Women With Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Study. J Chiropr Med. 2021 Dec;20(4):229-238. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2021.12.008. Epub 2022 Apr 6.
- BackgroundAlarab A, Salhab I, Darawy D, Aker M, Naji R, Hroub N. Maitland Mobilization versus Core Stability Exercises in Management Chronic Nonspecific LBP. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2024;17:1115-24.
- Background: PubMed 39565706Ozturk U, Corekci AA, Alaca N, Subasi F. Comparison of Pressure Feedback Biofeedback Training with Conventional Lumbar Dynamic Strength Exercises for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Prospective Randomized Trial. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024 Dec;30(12):6-12.
- Background: PubMed 40108595Si X, Zhang L, Li F, Liang H. The effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training on lumbar function and muscle performance in sedentary women with lower back pain: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Womens Health. 2025 Mar 19;25(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s12905-025-03644-z.
- Background: PubMed 29067082Akhtar MW, Karimi H, Gilani SA. Effectiveness of core stabilization exercises and routine exercise therapy in management of pain in chronic non-specific low back pain: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Pak J Med Sci. 2017 Jul-Aug;33(4):1002-1006. doi: 10.12669/pjms.334.12664.
- Background: PubMed 35327048Ko MJ, Koo MS, Jung EJ, Jeong WJ, Oh JS. Effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Using Pressure Biofeedback on Pelvic Floor Muscle Contraction and Trunk Muscle Activity in Sitting in Healthy Women. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Mar 18;10(3):570. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10030570.
- BackgroundKarang N. Effectiveness of Pressure Biofeedback in Core Stabilization for Low Back Pain: A Literature Review. Majalah Ilmiah Fisioterapi Indonesia. 2025;13:552-6.
- Background: PubMed 40142175Lee K. Effects of Core Stability Training on Deep Stabilizing Muscle Function and Neuromuscular Control. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025 Feb 20;61(3):364. doi: 10.3390/medicina61030364.
- Background: PubMed 40066950Fernandes ACN, Jorge CH, Weatherall M, Ribeiro IV, Wallace SA, Hay-Smith EJC. Pelvic floor muscle training with feedback or biofeedback for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Mar 11;3(3):CD009252. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009252.pub2.
- Background: PubMed 39511565Zhang C, Qin L, Yin F, Chen Q, Zhang S. Global, regional, and national burden and trends of Low back pain in middle-aged adults: analysis of GBD 1990-2021 with projections to 2050. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024 Nov 7;25(1):886. doi: 10.1186/s12891-024-08002-y.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Annum Manzoor, MS OMPT principal investigator
Gulab Devi Teaching Institute
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Core stability training in people with Non Specific Low Back Pain and Core Stability, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 24 Jul 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Pakistan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Imran Amjad, PhD (03324390125, imran.amjad@riphah.edu.pk), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (time frame: 6 weeks). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07726797, which also lists 10 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 24 Jul 2026.